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2007 


Our  Aim— To  Study— Preserve— Record— Wisconsin  Antiquities. 


Vol.2.       JANUARY  AND  APRIL,  1903.     Nos.  2  and  3. 


THE 

WISCONSIN 

ARCHEOLOGIST 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE 

WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY. 


SUMMARY 

OF  THE 

ARCHEOLOGY 

OF 

WINNEBAGO    COUNTY 


Wisconsin  Archeological  Society* 

MILWAUKEE,  WIS. 

Incorporated   March   23,   1903,  for  the  purpose  of  advancing  the  study  and 
preservation  of  Wisconsin  antiquities. 

OFF.ICERS. 

H.  A.  Crosby,  of  Milwaukee President 

<j.  A.  West,  of  Milwaukee , Vice-President 

W.  H.  Ellsworth,  of  Milwaukee Vice-President 

Rolland  L.  Porter,  of  Mukwonago Vice-President 

P.  V.  Lawson,  of  Menasha ; Vice-President 

H.  P.  Hamilton,  of  Two  Rivers...; Vice-President 

C.  E.  Brown,  of  Milwaukee Secretary 

L.  R.  "Whitney,  of  Milwaukee Treasurer 

COMMITTE3ES. 

Survey  and  Exploration. 

Rolland  L.  Porter.      A.  Gerend.      J.  G.  Pickett.      S.  D.  Mitchell.      F.  M.  Benedict. 
H.  H.  Willard.        L.  S.  Drew.        P.  O.  Griste.        A.  Wenz. 

Membership. 

Jas.  G.  Albright.  W.  H.  Elkey.  O.  J.  Habhegger.  G.  W.  Wolff. 

O.  L.  Hollister.  H.  M.  Jaycox.  ,  Elnora  C.  Folkmar. 

Records. 

-A.  F.  Laue.  C.  A.  Koubeck.  M.  E.  Morrissy.  Julia  A.  Lapham. 

Historical. 
R.  Wild.  Mary  J.  I^apham.  D.  Harlowe. 

Press. 

J.  G.  Gregory.  C.  Ellsworth.  H.  E.  Haferkorn. 

Meetings. 

These  are  hefd  in  the  Lecture  Room  in  the  Museum-Library  Building,  in  Mil- 
-waukee,  on  the  first  Friday  of  each  month,  at  8  P.  M. 

During  the  months  of  July  and  August  no  meetings  will  be  held. 
The  Executive  Board  meets  on  the  second  Monday  in  each  month. 

MEMBERSHIP  FEES. 

Resident  Members $3.00  per  Annum 

Non-Ilesident  Members $1.00   per  Annum 

All  communications  in  regard  to  the  Archeological  Society  or  to  the 
"Wisconsin  Archeologist"  should  be  addressed  to  Cnas.  E.  Brown,  Editor, 
•care  of  the  Milwaukee  Public  Museum.  ^ 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/archeolwisconsin02wiscrich 


YQUME  2   NUMBER    I   MISSIlJCx 
OUT   OP   PRINT 


SPADE 

Length  7%  In.  Found  at  Poygan,  Winnebago  Co.  Weight  11  oz. 

Extreme  width  PA  in.  O.  J.  Habhegger  Cellection,  Milwaukee,  Wis.        Extreme Thic knees  1  in. 


The  Wisconsin  Archeologist 

A  Quarterly  Bulletin  Published  by  the  Wisconsin  Arch eological  Society. 


Vol.  2.  MILWAUKEE,  WIS.,  JAN.  and  APRIL,  J903.        Ncs.  2  and  3* 


Proceedings  of  the  Archeological   Section,   November  20,  J  902, 
to  March  20,  J  903. 

Milwaukee,  November  20,  1902. 

XXXIX  Monthly  Session.  Director  H.  A.  Crosby  conducted  the 
meeting.     There  were  60  members  and  visitors  in  attendance. 

Messrs.  Charles  Quarles,  J.  W.  S.  Torakiewicz,  J.  K.  Mazac,  and  Dr. 
Carl  Bruck  were  recommended  for  election  to  membership. 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  Holland  L.  Porter  the  chair  appointed  Mr.  James 
A.  Sheridan  a  committee  of  one  to  draft  and  present  to  the  Wisconsin 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  at  Madison,  a  set  of  resolutions  recommending 
that  measures  be  taken  to  enclose  and  thus  permanently  preserve  a  group 
of  three  mounds  located  in  the  State  Fair  Park  at  West  Allis. 

Mr.  P.  V.  Lavvson  described  a  number  of  kame  or  gravel  pit  burials 
in  the  town  of  Menasha,  Winnebago  county.  Mr.  Porter  made  a  brief 
report  on  the  finding  of  a  group  of  three  round  mounds  on  the  W.  Spence- 
property  in  the  town  of  Vernon  and  several  solitary  mounds  in  the  town 
of  Mukvvonago  in  Waukesha  county. 

An  interesting  paper  on  "Mo'^ses  Strong,"  written  by  Miss  Julia  A. 
Lapham,  was  read  by  Secretary  Brown.  Mr.  Alplionse  'Oerend  followed 
with  a  discourse  on  the  "Mounds  Systems  of  Sheboygan  County/'  which 
was  received  with  great  interest  by  those  present.  At  the  close  of  the 
session  Mr.  James  G.  Albright  exhibited  two  maps  of  the  northern  United 
States  which  were  published  in  1757  and  1775  respectively. 

Milwaukee,  December  29,  1902. 

XL  Monthly  Session.  Director  H.  A.  Crosby  in  the  chair.  Thirty- 
five  members  present. 

Applications  for  membership  received  from  the  following  gentlemen 
were  approved:  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder  of  Virginia,  111.,  William  Siniger  of 
Galena,  111.,  Dr.  Ernest  Hantke,  Howland  Russell,  and  W.  J.  Conway  of 
Milwaukee. 

Mr.  James  G.  Albright,  chairman  of  the  membership  committee,  re- 
ported briefly  on  the  work  of  that  body. 

Mr.  Otto  J.  Habhegger  reported  upon  the  location  and  exploration  of 
a  group  of  three  burial  mounds  situated  on  lots  6  and  7,  section  18,  town 
42,  near  Boulder  lake  in  Vilas  county. 

Mr.  Porter  announced  that  he  had  commenced  the  work  of  plattino- 
the  antiquities  of  the  towns  of  Vernon  and  Mukwonago  in  Waukesha 
county. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  business  session  the  following  series  of  short 
papers  were  read: 

1.  A  Travelling  Anthropological  Exhibit  for  Schools,  by  Mr.  Fred- 
erick   Houghton,    chairman    of    the    Education    committee    of    the    Buffalo 


36     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

Academy  of  Science.     In  the  absence  of  the  author  this  scholarly  contri- 
bution was  read  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Albright. 

2.  Some  Notable  Archeological  Finds  in  Wisconsin,  by  Mr.  E.  C. 
Perkins.     This  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  Pierson  L.  Halsey. 

3.  Investigation  of  a  Mound  at  Kaukauna,  Outagamie  County,  by 
Mr.  Erskine  E.  Bailey. 

4.  The  Disk  Pipe  in  AVisconsin,  by  Mr.  Chas.  E.  Brown. 

Several  of  these  papers  will  appear  in  future  numbers  of  our  bulletin. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Elkey  exhibited  a  fine  assortment  of  stone  and  copper  im- 
plements collected  for  the  most  part  from  Central  and  Southwestern  Wis- 
consin sites,  and  Mr.  W.  H.  Vogel  a  large  and  handsome  flint  knife  found 
in  Milwaukee  county. 

Milwaukee,  January  16,  1903. 

XLI  Monthly  Session.  Director  H.  A.  Crosby  presiding.  Forty  mem- 
Tjers  and  some  visitors  present. 

Communications  received  from  Prof.  W.  0.  Emerv  of  Wabash  College, 
€rawfordsville,  Ind.,  W.  H.  Canfield  of  Baraboo,  E.  H.  Stiles  of  Richland 
■City,  Dr.  Louis  Falge  of  Reedsville,  and  H.  P.  Hamilton  of  Two  Rivers, 
were  read  by  the  Secretary  and  duly  considered. 

The  Director  gave  notice  of  the  sale  of  a  collection  of  archeological 
works  as  presenting  an  opportunity  for  members  to  add  to  their  libraries. 

The  Secretary  reported  briefly  on  the  sessions  of  Section  H: — Anthro- 
pology, at  the  52nd  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  held  at  Washington,  D.  C,  from  December  27  to 
January  23. 

The  regular  program  for  the  meeting  consisted  of  the  following 
addresses : 

1.  The  Currency^  of  Uncivilized  Africa,  by  Mr.  David  Harlowe. 

2.  The  Social  and  Industrial  Conditions  of  Wisconsin  Aborigines  as 
Observed  by  the  French  Missionaries,  by  Prof.  M.  E.  Morrissy  of  Pio  Nono 
College,   St.   Francis. 

3.  The  Occurrence  of  Obsidian  Implements  in  Wisconsin,  by  Hon. 
Publius  V.  Lawson. 

4.  The  Iroquois  in  Wisconsin,  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Crosby. 

All  of  these  addresses  were  of  an  interesting  nature  and  were  well  ap- 
preciated by  the  audience.  Dr.  Louis  Falge  of  Reedsville  exhibited  a  copper 
and  a  brass  bracelet  found  in  the  vicinity  of  a  Pottawattomie  Indian 
burial  place  in  the  town  of  Eaton,  Manitowoc  county,  and  Mr.  Rudolph 
Kuehne  of  Sheboygan,  two  copper  ear  ornaments,  a  small  copper  and  a 
native  silver  knife  found  on  the  Black  River  village  site  in  Sheboygan 
county. 

Milwaukee,  February  20,  1903. 

XLII  Monthly  Session.  Director  H.  A.  Crosby  in  the  chair.  One 
hundred  members  and  visitors  in  attendance. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  recommended  for  admission  to  active 
membership:  A.  D.  Grutzmacher  of  Mukwonago,  H.  W.  Frieden  of  Mineral 
Point,  and  Messrs.  William  Orth,  Robert  Wild  and  Oscar  Altpeter  of 
Milwaukee. 

The  Secretary  announced  the  receipt  of  a  communication  from  Sec- 
retary John  M.  True  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Board  of  Agriculture  to  the 
effect  that  the  Board  at  its  annual  meeting  on  February  4,  had  voted  to  co- 


PROCEEDIN5S.  37 


operate  with  the  Section  in  the  preservation  of  the  several  mounds  located 
on  the  fair  grounds  at  "West  Allis. 

This  news  was  received  with  many  expressions  of  pleasure  by  the 
audience. 

Mr.  Brown  also  reported  upon  the  progress  of  the  work  of  collecting 
archeological  data  by  members  in  various  counties  in  the  state. 

In  the  absence  of  funds  for  such  a  purpose  the  expense  of  conducting 
these  researches  were  being  borne  by  the  members  themselves. 

From  Mr.  P.  V.  Lawson  of  Menasha;  he  had  just  received  his  re- 
cently completed  "Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County." 
This  he  believed  to  be  one  of  the  most  valuable  manuscripts  as  yet  offered 
to  the  Section  for  publication. 

He  stated  that  Mr.  George  A.  West  had  begun  work  upon  a  similar 
list  to  include  the  antiquities  of  Hacine  and  Kenosha  counties  and  that 
the  Messrs.  S.  D.  Mitchell  in^  Green  Lake  county,  RoUand  L.  Porter  and 
Charles  Koubeek  in  W'aukesha  county,  W.  H.  Canfield  in  Sauk  county, 
Alphonse  Gerend  in  Sheboygan  county,  were  progressing  well  in  their 
researches  in  their  several  districts. 

It  was  hoped  that  the  Messrs.  H.  P.  Hamilton,  F.  M.  Benedict,  W.  P. 
Clarke,  J.  J.  Gilman,  P.  O.  Griste,  and  other  of  the  more  experienced 
and  capable  members  of  the  Section  might  be  induced  to  undertake  or 
continue  work  of  a  like  nature  already  well  begun  in  their  own  or  adjoining 
districts. 

Letters  of  interest  to  the  audience  received  from  Mr.  Harlan  I. 
Smith  of  New  York  City,  Dr.  James  Mooney  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Eth- 
nology, Prof.  T.  H.  Lewis,  Hon.  J.  V.  Brower  and  Rev.  E.  C.  Mitchell  of  St. 
Paul,  Rev.  Stephen  D.  Peet  of  Chicago,  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder  of  Virginia,  111., 
Rev.  J.  G.  Laurer  of  Plain,  Mr.  F.  M.  Caldwell  of  Princeton,  and  Mr.  L. 
S.  Drew  of  Lodi,  were  read.  The  announcement  of  the  election  of  Mr. 
Marshall  H.  Saville  of  New  York,  to  the  chair  of  American  archeology 
recently  established  at  Columbia  University  through  the  munificence  of  the 
Due  de  Loubat,  was  greeted  with  favor.  (Prof.  Saville  was  the  first 
student  with  Dr.  F.  W.  Putnam  at  Harvard  University  when  that  institu- 
tion established  a  joint  chair  of  archeology  and  ethnology,  and  is  now  de- 
servingly  honored  with  the  holding  of  the  first  chair  of  American  arche- 
ology established  on  the  North  American  continent.) 

The  evening's  program  included  the  following  addresses  and  papers 
which  proved  to  be  of  great  interest  to  the  unusually  large  audience 
present : 

1.  Commercial  vs.  Scientific  Collecting,  by  Prof.  Warren  K.  Moorehead 
of  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass.  In  the  absence  of  the  author  this 
paper  was  presented  by  Mr.  Lee  R.  Whitney. 

2.  George  Delaplaine,  by  ]\Iis3  Mary  J.  Lapham,  of  Oconomowoe. 

3.  Evidences  of  Prehistoric  Man  on  Lake  Superior,  by  Mr.  John  T. 
Reeder  of  Calumet,  Mich. 

4.  Additions  to  the  List  of  Sauk  County  Antiquities,  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
Canfield  of  Baraboo.     Read  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Bro\vn. 

5.  Father  Marquette,  by  Prof.  W.  H.   Beach. 

After  the  close  of  the  meeting  the  visitors  were  permitted  to  view  a 
large  and  fine  collection  of  Wisconsin  pipes,  kindly  exhibited  by  Mr. 
George  A.  West,  and  a  collection  of  stone  and  copper  implements  ex- 
hibited by  the  Messrs.  William  and  Anton  Fesaler  of  Sheboygan. 


38     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos,  2  and  3. 


Milwaukee,  March  20,  1903. 

XLIII  Monthly  Session.  Twenty-five  members  present.  Director 
H,  A.   Crosby  called  the  meeting  to  order. 

The  program  consisted  of  a  paper  on  "Early  French  Influences  in 
Wisocnsin,"  by  Mr.  Robert  Wild,  and  the  reading  cf  an  article  written 
by  Mr.  Publius  V.  Lawson,  entitled  "The  Copper  Age  in  the  United  States." 

Both  papers  were  well  received  and  discussed  by  the  members  in  atten- 
dance. 

It  was  unofficially  announced  that  the  Wisconsin  Archeological  Society 
having  been  regularly  organized  by  and  with  the  full  consent  of  the  mem- 
bers, that  this  would  be  the  last  meeting  of  the  Section  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Wisconsin  Xatural  History  Society. 


Procecdingfs  of  the  Wisconsin  Archeological  Society,  February  28 
to  April  3,  J  903. 

Milwaukee,  February  28,  1903. 

Preliminary  ]Meeting.  Mr.  Lee  R.  Whitney  presiding.  Mr.  George 
A.  West  acting  as  secretary. 

The  followino-.  gentlemen  were  present:  Hon.  Rolland  L.  Porter,  Hon. 
P.  V.  Lawson,  Dr.  C.  D.  Stanhope,  J.  G.  Albright,  W.  H.  Ellsworth,  G.  P. 
Sticknev,  H.  A.  Crosby,  O.  J.  Habheggar,  L.  R.  Whitney,  0.  L.  Hollister, 
W.  H.  Elkey,  C.  A.  Koubeck,  11.  E.  Haferkorn,  G.  A.  West,  A.  Gerend  and 
C.  E.  Brown,  others  being  represented  by  proxies. 

After  thoroughly  discussing  the  purposes  of  the  meeting  it  was  unani- 
mously resolved  to  organize  the  Wisconsin  Archeological  Society. 

Communications  from  interested  persons  in  various  parts  of  the  state 
advocating  the  advisability  cf  such  an  organization  were  read. 

The  following  temporary  officers  were  elected,  they  together  with  Mr. 
George  A  W^est,  to  constitute  an  executive  committee  to  undertake  the 
drafting  and  filing  of  articles  of  incorporation  and  by-laws  and  to  attend  to 
transaction   of   necessary   business. 

President,   Mr.   Henry  A,    Crosby. 

Secretary,  Mr.  Charles  E.  Brown. 

Treasurer,  Mr.  Lee  R.  Whitney. 

It  was  decided  that  all  persons  enlisting  in  the  new  organization  be- 
fore May  1,  1903,  Avere  to  be  admitted  as  charter  members. 

Mr.  C.  E.  Brown  presented  for  consideration  a  copy  cf  Wisconsin 
State  Assembly  Bill,  No.  296,  A.,  entitled:  "A  bill  to  provide  for  the 
survey  and  preservation  of  the  Indian  ]\[ounds  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin, 
and  providing  an   appropriation  therefor." 

He  gave  a  history  of  the  measure  which  was  being  introduced  by 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Wheeler  of  Milwaukee,  a  public  spirited  Wisconsin  woman. 
The  bill  was  then  discussed  and  approved  cf  by  those  present  and  a  com- 
munication endorsing  its  passage  ordered  to  be  sent  to  the  chairman  of  the 
Assembly  Committee  on  State  Affairs. 

After  the  adjournment  of  the  meeting  those  present  were  invited  to 
partake  of  a  banquet  which  Mr.  George  A.  West  had  prepared  for  the 
occasion. 


PROCEEDINGS.  39 


Milwaukee,  Ai»kil  3,  1903. 

(XLIV  Monthly  Session.)  Mr.  Henry  A.  Crosby,  acting  president, 
called  the  meeting  to  order.     There  were  twenty  members  present. 

The  minutes  of  the  preliminary  meeting  and  of  the  several  executive 
board  and  incorporators  meetings  were  read  by  Acting  Secretary  Brown. 

The  by-laws  and  articles  of  incorporation  were  also  submitted. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  G.  A.  West,  these,  together  with  the  several  minutes 
read,  were  unanimously  adopted. 

The  election  of  regular  officers  for  the  ensuing  year  resulted  in  the 
unanimous  election  of  the  following  gentlemen: 

President,  Mr.  H.  A.  Crosby. 

First  Vice-President,  Mr.  G.  A.  West. 

Second  Vice-President,  Mr.  W.  H.  Ellsworth. 

Third  Vice-President,  Mr.   Rolland   L.   Porter. 

Fourth  Vice-President,  Mr.J*.  V.  Lawson. 

Fifth  Vice-President,  Mr.  H.  P.  Hamilton. 

Secretary,  Mr.  C.  E.  Brown. 

Treasurer,  Mr.  L.  R.  Whitney. 

A  communication  received  from  Mr.  G.  A.  West  donating  to  the 
Society  a  large  and  valuable  collection  of  Mexican  and  ether  antiquities 
collected  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Rice  of  Merton,  was  read. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  L.  R.  Whitney  a  vote  of  thanks  on  behalf  of  the 
Society  was  extended  to  Mr.  West  for  his  great  generosity. 

Correspondence  received  from  Rev.  Stephen  D.  Peet,  Mrs.  Elnora  C. 
Folkmar,  and  Mrs.  W.  Y.  Wentworth  and  others  was  read  and  referred 
to  the  Executive  Board. 

The  Secretary  stated  that  large  accessions  to  the  membership  list  had 
already  been  made.  All  of  the  former  section  members  had  joined.  Messrs. 
W.  H.  Elkey  and  Geo.  A.  West  had  been  particularly  active  and  successful 
in  securing  new  members,  and  their  efforts  were  deserving  of  praise. 

The  President  spcke  briefly  cf  the  progress  of  the  work  being  carried 
on  by  the  Records  Committee,  of  which  Mr.  A.  F.  Laue  is  the  acting 
chairman. 

Under  the  experienced  direction  of  this  gentleman  the  task  of  enlarging 
the  county  maps  was  advancing  most  favorably. 

He  also  stated  that  a  request  that  this  society  be  permitted  to  con- 
tinue the  publication  cf  tlie  "Wisconsin  Archeologist,"  had  been  addressed 
to  the  Wisconsin  Natural  History  Society. 

At  the  close  of  the  session,  Hon.  James  G.  Pickett,  of  Picke^tt,  who  was 
present,  exhibited  an  exceptionally  fine  collection  of  stone  and  copper 
implements,  assembled  by  himself  mainly  from  the  fields,  village  sites  and 
mounds  of  the  towns  of  Utica  and  Nepeuskun  in  Winnebago  county. 

Mr.  Charles  Koubeek  also  displayed  an  interesting  collection  of  stone 
implements  found  in  the  town  of  Muskego  in  Waukesha  county. 

M£,MBERSHIP. 

It  is  the  desire  of  the  society  to  enlist  the  services  of  competent  workers  and  interested 
persons  in  all  sections  of  the  state,  and  we  ask  the  assistance  of  our  members  in  securing 
such  applications.  The  necessary  blanks  may  be  had  by  addressing  Mr.  James  G.  Albrijtfht, 
Chairman  of  the  Membership  Committee,  (531  Wells  Building.  Milwaukee). or  the  Secretary. 


40     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  "Wisconsin. 
By  PUBLIUS  V.  LAWSON,  Ph.  D. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Considered  from  the  standpoint  of  the  historian  and  archeolo- 
gist,  Winnebago  county  is  one  of  the  richest  and  most  interesting 
sections  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin. 

It  is  located  in  the  east  central  part  of  the  state  at  a  distance 
of  40  miles  west  of  Lake  Michigan  and  80  miles  north  of  Mil- 
waukee. 

It  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  western  shore  of  Lake  Win- 
nebago, on  the  south  by  Fond  du  Lac  county,  on  the  west  by 
Green  Lake  and  Waushara  counties  and  on  the  north  by  Wau- 
paca and  Outagamie  Counties. 

It  is  a  county  of  beautiful  lakes  and  rivers,  all  of  which  are 
navigable. 

The  historic  Fox  river  traverses  the  entire  length  of  the 
county  from  its  northeast  to  near  its  southwest  corner. 

In  its  course,  it  connects  Little  Lake  Butte  des  Morts,  Lake 
Winnebago  and  Big  Lake  Butte  des  Morts. 

The  Wolf  river,  a  stream  of  nearly  equal  size,  enters  the 
county  at  its  northwestern  corner,  flows  into  Lakes  Poygan  and 
Winneconne  and  unites  with  the  Fox  near  the  center  of  the  dis- 
trict. 

Rush  lake,  a  large  body  of  water,  is  situated  in  the  south- 
western corner  of  the  county. 

The  country  is  high,  rolling,  rich  tillable  land  once  covered 
with  oak  openings  and  prairies  and  now  thickly  populated  and 
utilized  for  agricultural  and  other  purposes. 

These  features,  together  with  the  extent  of  the  swamps  of 
wild  rice  and  the  abundance  of  fish  and  game  and  other  natural 
productions  of  various  kinds,  have  always  made  this  district  a 
favorite  dwelling  place  of  the  aboriginal  peoples. of  Wisconsin. 

The  truth  of  this  last  statement  is  to  be  better  appreciated 
when  we  consider  the  many  thousands  of  aboriginal  artifacts  of 
clay,  stone,  copper,  iron,  shell  and  bone  which  have  already  been 
recovered  from  the  village  sites,  mounds,  burial  grounds,  shell 
heaps  and  fields  distributed  throughout  the  county. 

At  the  present  time,  a  total  of  fully  30,000  of  these  are  in- 
cluded in  a  dozen  or  more  Winnebago  county  collections,  and,  if 
the  author's  estimate  is  correct,  quite  as  many  more  or  nearly  dou- 
ble that  number  of  specimens  are  included  in  public  and  private 


LAW80N— SnniniArj  of  the  Arcbeoloi:7  of  Winnebago  County,  Wicconsin.  41 

cabinets  throughout  the  state  or  have  gone  to  enrich  distant 
museums  and  cabinets. 

A  considerable  number  of  the  specimens  thus  assembled  are 
fashioned  of  materials  foreign  to  the  state  and  clearly  indicate 
early  and  prolonged  trade  and  war  relations  with  the  aboriginal 
peoples  of  Lake  Superior,  Minnesota,  Illinois,  Ohio  and  more 
distant  parts. 

The  early  history  of  this  dictrict  is  included  in  nearly  every 
important  work  on  Wisconsin  history.  A  recapitulation  would 
require  more  space  than  the  author  has  at  his  command.  Such 
portions  of  it  as  are  of  especial  interest  to  the  archeologist  are 
included  herein  with  the  descriptions  of  the  various  antiquities 
noted.  Suffice  it  to  say,  that  owing  to  the  number  and  extent  of 
its  Indian  villages  and  the  fact  of  its  location  about  one 
of  the  principal  waterways  of  the  west,  affording  direct  connec- 
tions with  the  Mississippi  river,  this  district  early  became  and  for 
many  years  continued  to  be  of  interest  to  the  explorer,  mission- 
ary and  trader. 

At  the  time  of  the  coming  of  the  first  whites,  the  county  was 
occupied  by  the  villages  of  the  Winnebago,  Fox  and  Menomonee 
Indians. 

In  his  "History  of  the  Fox  River  Valley,''  Judge  George 
Gary  seeks  to  locate  the  famous  Mascoutin  village  and  St.  James 
Mission  near  Eureka  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  county, 
but  there  is  not  the  slightest  historical  evidence  in  proof  of  this 
contention.  Indications  are  that  that  village  was  located  near 
Princeton  in  the  adjoining  county  of  Green  Lake. 

Dr.  Lapham  is  likewise  in  error  when  he  quotes  others  to  the 
effect  that  the  country  about  Lake  Winnebago  was  first  inhabited 
by  the  Kickapoos,  and  that  the  Mascoutins  were  here  at  one  time. 

His  further  statement,  that  the  latter  were  driven  away  by  the 
warlike  Sauks  and  Foxes  and  these  in  turn  by  the  Chippewas, 
aided  by  the  French,  is  also  incorrect.  There  is  no  historical 
proof  or  tradition  that  the  Sac  Indians  were  ever  established  here 
or  that  the  Chippewas  ever  came  to  the  county  as  warriors  or 
otherwise. 

It  was  the  Iroquois  of  New  York  who  as  allies  of  the  French 
made  the  last  fight  with  the  Fox  tribe  in  our  county. 

In  his  "Catalogue  of  Prehistoric  Works,"  Dr.  Cyrus  Thomas 
lists  a  "group  of  conical  mounds.  Sec.  17,  T.  16,  R.  14  E./'  and 
"earthworks  near  Great  P>end  and  at  Crawfordsville"  as  being 
located  in  Winnebago  county.     This  is  a  mistake. 

The  former  are  located  near  Ceresco  in  Fond  du  Lac  county, 
and  the  latter  in  W^aukesha  countv,  Wisconsin. 


42    WISCOXSI.V  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

The  collection  of  data  and  notes  in  preparation  for  this  small 
contribution  to  Wisconsin  archeology  was  begun  by  the  author 
some  years  ago.  He  is  therefore  personally  familiar  with  the 
greater  number  of  the  evidences  of  pre-Columbian  and  early 
aboriginal  occupation  listed  and  described  herein. 

Every  effort  has  been  made  to  have  this  summary  as  com- 
plete as  possible  in  order  that  it  might  prove  of  value  not  only 
as  a  record,  but  also  as  a  field  directory  for  the  student  and  in- 
vestigator. A  very  considerable  number  of  the  antiquities  de- 
scribed have  not  previously  been  mentioned  in  works  on  Wiscon- 
sin archeology. 

It  is  to  be  hoped,  that  persons  having  in  their  possession  any 
item,  however  brief  or  seemingly  insignificant,  relating  to  the 
antiquities  of  Winnebago  County,  will  call  the  author's  attention 
to  the  fact,  in  order  that  if  necessary,  a  supplement  to  this  manu- 
script may  be  published. 

The  present  arrangement  of  evidences  under  the  heads  of  the 
towns  in  which  they  are  located,  the  author  believes  to  be  the 
most  convenient  that  can  be  devised,  and  worthy  of  adoption  by 
others  who  are  now  contemplating  or  continuing  similar  re- 
searches in  other  districts  of  the  state. 

The  rapid  rate  at  which  Wisconsin  mounds  and  other  aborig- 
inal mementos  are  disappearing  makes  it  highly  desirable  and  im- 
portant that  they  should  be  accorded  public  protection  and  that 
studies  similar  in  scope  to  that  which  is  here  presented  should 
be  undertaken  and  published  by  competent  persons  in  every  county 
in  the  state. 

By  carefully  collecting  and  embodying  in  permanent  and 
readily  accessible  form  the  little  odds  and  ends  of  local  prehistory 
and  ethnology  in  their  respective  districts,  our  brother  members 
will  confer  a  favor  upon  the  students  of  the  future  and  greatly 
assist  in  advancing  the  cause  of  Wisconsin  archeology. 

This  the  author  understands  to  be  one  of  the  ends  which 
in  the  absence  of  state  aid,  the  Wisconsin  Archeological  Society 
aims  to  accomplish. 

He  especially  desires  to  acknowledge  the  kind  and  valuable 
assistance  which  he  has  received  from  Hon.  Tames  G.  Pickett, 
Hon.  H.  H.  G.  Bradt,  Mr.  George  A.  Randall,  Mr.  Charles 
Stever,  Mr.  Clarence  Olen,  Mr.  F.  R.  Fowler,  Mr.  W.  H.  Foote 
and  other  gentlemen  residing  in  the  county,  and  to  extend  his 
sincere  thanks  to  Mr.  Charles  E.  Brown  of  Milwaukee  for  sug- 
gesting the  present  publication  and  for  his  kind  services  in  col- 
lecting such  data  and  references  as  were  inaccessible  to  the  writer. 
The  description  of  Winnebago  county  artifacts  has  been 
left  for  a  future  publication. 


L\WSON — Satnmary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wifcons  n.  43 


THE  SUMMARY. 


Town  of  Menasha. 

1.  Menasha  Mounds. — When  Dr.  Increase  A.  Lapham  vis- 
ited the  young  village  (now  city)  of  Menasha  in  the  year  185 1, 
he  found  located  there  two  mounds  which  he  describes  as  follows : 

''In  the  village  of  Menasha  is  an  elongated  mound,  quite 
high  at  the  end  towards  the  river,  and  terminating  at  a  point  at 
the  other.  A  similar  one  exists  on  Doty's  island,  forming  a  sort 
of  counterpart  to  the  first.  They  are  not  exactly  opposite,  but  are 
both  directed  towards  the  rivers"  (Antiquities  of  Wisconsin, 
pp.  61.) 

With  the  erection  of  buildings  and  the  grading  of  streets, 
every  trace  of  these  mounds  has  long  since  disappeared.  There 
are  no  persons  now  living  in  this  vicinity  who  can  tell  of  their 
exact  location. 

2.  Fourth  Ward  Mounds. — These  were  first  described  by 
Dr.  Lapham,  (Antiquities  of  Wisconsin,  pp.  61)  who  says 
of  them.  ''  .  .  .  Half  a  mile  from  Menasha  is  a  group 
of  eight  mounds  about  four  feet  high  and  from  forty  to  fifty  feet 
in  diameter.  They  are  on  the  southeast  quarter  of  section  four- 
teen, township  twenty,  range  seventeen,  not  far  from  the  shore 
of  Lake  Winnebago. 

This  ground  has  been  se'ected  for  a  cemetery  by  the  present 
inhabitants,  who  do  not  scruple  to  dig  up  the  Indian  skeletons  to 
make  room  for  the  bodies  of  a  more  civilized  race. 

The  ground  here,  as  in  numerous  o.her  places,  exhibits 
marks  of  former  culture  in  rows  or  beds,  very  dififerent  from  that 
of  the  modern  Indians.  These  are  covered  with  a  dense  forest 
of  young  and  thrifty  trees,  the  largest  hot  more,  perhaps,  than 
one  hundred  and  fifty  years  old ;  so  that  the  whole  have  grown  up 
since  the  time  of  Marquette,  or  within  one  hundred  and  eighty 
years." 

The  tract  of  land  occupied  by  these  mounds,  and  formerly 
known  as  Little  Prairie,  has  long  since  become  a  thickly  settled 
residence  portion  of  the  city  of  Menasha. 

With  the  kind  assistance  of  several  of  the  pioneer  residents 
I  have  been  able  to  relocate  four  of  the  original  group,  as  indi- 
cated on  the  accompanying  plat.      (Fig.  i.) 

'A"  was  removed  in  1859,  in  the,  building  of  Second  street. 
It  was  75  feet  in  diameter  and  9  feet  high  at  the  center.  It  had 
been  utilized  by  the  early  settlers  as  a  burial  place  for  their  dead. 


44     WISCONSIN  AKCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 


"B"  is  the  only  mound  of  the  group  which  is  still  in  exist- 
ence. At  present  it  is  4  feet  high  and  66  feet  in  diameter.  It 
was  originally  8  feet  in  height.  It  is  located  in  the  garden  of  the 
A.  Winz  Brewery. 

"C"  was  6  feet  in  height  and  20  feet  in  diameter. 

*'D''  was  4  feet  in  height  and  30  feet  in  diameter. 


\,0T 
IS 

tor 
16 

LOT 
17 

«0 

S 

LOC 

•\ 

A 

ZV             '"'        :       )   ST       1 

'••••' 

u 

0 

I 

0 

Bl 

ocn 

27 

0 

z 

B 

C 

Ji 

9 

UOT 

_7_ 

Fig.  1. 


All  of  these  mounds  were  constructed  of  black  vegetable 
mold  and  sandy  topsoil.  Of  their  contents  I  have  been  able  to 
learn  nothing. 

3.  Fox  River  Trail. — The  Fox  river  trail  on  the  route  from 
Green  Bay  to  Fort  Winnebago  was,  we  have  every  reason  to  be- 
lieve, an  ancient  and  well  traveled  pathway.  It  entered  the  county 
at  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  town  of  Menasha  and  paralleled 
the  west  shore  of  the  Fox  river  as  far  as  Caldwell's  (now 
Strobey's)  island,  at  the  head  of  Little  Butte  des  Morts  lake, 
where  it  turned  inland  for  half  a  mile  to  reach  a  fordable  place 
over  Mud  creek. 

From  thence  it  returned  to  the  margin  of  the  higher  banks  of 
the  lake,  winding  southward  along  the  sinuosities  of  the  headlands 
and  crossing  the  wide  channels  of  the  ancient  creeks  until  it  ar- 
rived at  the  site  of  the  great  tumulus,  the  "Hill  of  the  Dead." 

From  this  historic  spot  it  curved  away  from  the  lake  to  a 
gravel  ridge  or  natural  turnpike  which  it  followed  in  a  general 
southwesterly  direction  across  the  towns  of  Neenah  and  Vinland 
to  the  Big  Butte  des  Morts  ford,  the  site  of  Augustine  Grignon's 
trading  post,  about  i  mile  beyond  the  present  village  of  Butte  des 
Morts,  in  the  town  of  Winneconne. 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconiin.  45 

Beyond  this  point  the  trail  may  still  be  traced  into  the  woods 
for  a  i,ooo  feet  or  more,  since  used  as  a  bridle  path  and  then  for 
teams,  and  finally  abandoned  for  the  line  highway. 

Leaving  this  place  it  crossed  the  Fox  river  to  its  east  or  right 
bank  which  it  followed  beyond  the  limits  of  the  county  to  Portage, 
in  Columbia  county. 

South  of  the  ''Hill  of  the  Dead,"  in  the  town  of  Menasha,  the 
trail  entered  into  a  wide  valley  which  it  followed  to  the  site  of  two 
cool  crystal  springs,  known  as  "Blair's  springs."  At  this  point 
about  500  feet  of  the  old  trail  is  still  visible. 

4.  Sill's  Creek  Shell  Heaps. — Evidences  of  the  former 
existence  of  shell  heaps  are  to  b€  seen  at  the  south  side  of  the 
mouth  of  Sill's  creek  or  Snail  river  where  it  empties  into  Little 
Butte  des  Morts  lake  near  its  lower  end,  in  the  northeast  corner 
of  section  3.  The  surface  of  the  ground  at  this  place  is  white 
with  fragments  and  flakes  of  broken  and  decomposed  clam  shells 
over  an  area  of  three  acres  or  more.  The  writer  has  collected  from 
this  site  upwards  of  fifty  finely  chipped  flint  arrowpoints,  several 
bone  and  horn  awls  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  potsherds.  The 
most  of  the  latter  are  fabric  marked  and  tempered  with  black 
quartz.  Two  socketted  copper  spearpoints,  one  of  which  has  the 
surface  of  its  blade  ornamented  with  small  regular  indentations, 
have  also  been  obtained.  The  prevailing  style  of  pottery  decora- 
tion is  in  the  chevron  or  triangular  patterns,  impressed  in  dotted 
and  continuous  lines  made  with  a  pointed  implement  or  with 
twisted  cords. 

5.  Little  Butte  des  Morts,  ''The  Hill  of  the  Dead.'' — 
This  historic  monument  was  visited  by  Wisconsin's  pioneer  arche- 
ologist.  Dr.  Increase  A.  Lapham,  on  June  14,  185 1,  and  is  de- 
scribed and  figured  by  him  in  his  ''Antiquities  of  Wisconsin"  (pp. 
60-61,  fig.  25).     He  says  of  it: 

"...  The  first  one  (mound)  in  ascending  the  river 
(Fox)  being  on  the  west  side  of  Little  Lake  Butte  des  Morts,  a 
name  indicating  the  existence  of  the  mound,  and  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  erected. 

"This  tumulus  is  about  eight  feet  high  and  fifty  feet  in  diam- 
eter. It  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  monument  so  conspicuous  and  so 
beautifully  situated,  may  be  forever  preserved  as  a  memento  of 
the  past.  It  is  a  picturesque  and  striking  object  in  passing  along 
this  fine  lake  and  may  have  been  the  cause  of  serious  reflections 
and  high  resolves  to  many  a  passing  savage.  It  is  well  calculated 
to  affect  not  less  the  bosoms  of  more  enlightened  men.     There 


46     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  2.  Nos    2  and  3. 


LAWSOX — Summary  of  the  Archeolopry  ol  Winuebago  County,  Wisconsin.  4-7 

is  neither  necessity  nor  excuse  for  its  destruction ;  and  we  cannot 
but  again  express  the  hope  that  it  will  be  preserved  for  the  benefit 
of  all  who  may  pass  along  that  celebrated  stream. 

The  summit  of  the  mound  is  about  fifty  feet  above  the  lake, 
affording  a  very  pleasing  view  embracing  the  lake  and  the  en- 
trance to  the  north  channel  of  the  river. 

Among  the  articles  discovered  in  the  field  nearby  was  some 
burnt  clay  in  irregular  fragments  with  impressions  of  the  leaves 
and  stems  of  grass,  precisely  like  those  found  at  Aztalan. 

This  has  been  a  place  of  burial,  and,  perhaps,  of  well  con- 
tested battles;  for  the  plough  constantly  turns  up  fragments  of 
human  bones  and  teeth,  much  broken  and  decayed.  Arrowpoints 
of  flint,  and  pipes  of  red  pipestone  and  other  materials  have  also 
been  brought  to  light." 

The  tradition  of  the  origin  of  the  "'Hill  of  the  Dead''  is  well 
known,  having  been  included  in  nearly  every  important  work  on 
Wisconsin  history. 

According  to  this  tradition  the  tumulus  was  erected  by  the 
Indians  as  a  repository  for  the  bones  of  warriors  and  others  who 
fell  in  a  terrible  battle  which  took  place  here  at  some  period  not 
definitely  known,  probably  during  the  early  part  of  the  i8th  cen- 
tury, during  the  long  war  of  extermination  waged  against  the  Fox 
Indians  by  the  French.  The  direct  cause  of  the  attack  upon  the 
village  is  said  to  have  been  due  to  a  custom  of  the  Fox  Indians,  of 
exacting  tribute  from  all  voyagers  who  passed  this  point.  This 
levying  of  a  tax  on  goods  becoming  a  nuisance,  one  Captain 
Perriere  Morin  or  Morand  received  the  permission  of  the  au- 
thorities at  Quebec  to  undertake  the  chastisement  of  the  offenders. 
Repairing  to  Michilimackinac  he  proceeded  to  organize  his  ex- 
pedition, which  is  said  to  have  consisted  of  a  number  of  strongly 
built  battleaux  covered  with  canvas  and  manned  by  soldiers,  boat- 
men and  Indian  allies.  With  this  force  he  proceeded  to  Green 
Bay  and  thence  down  the  Fox  river  to  near  the  Indian  village. 
Here  he  divided  his  forces,  one  detachment  making  a  detour  by 
land  to  the  rear  and  the  remainder  continuing  to  the  village  in  the 
boats,  the  soldiers  being  well  secreted  behind  the  canvas  cover- 
ings. In  response  to  the  customary  hail  from  the  shore  the  steers- 
men turned  their  boats  toward  the  land  and  at  the  proper  moment, 
at  a  command  from  the  supposed  peaceable  trader,  Morin,  the 
canvas  coverings  were  raised  bv  the  soldiers  and  a  deadly  volley 
poured  into  the  assembled  horde  of  unsuspecting  savages.  In 
the  meantime  the  detachment  which  had  been  sent  to  the  rear  of 
the  village  had  set  fire  to  the  wigwams  and  cut  off  the  means  of 
retreat.     The  battle  which  ensued  is  said  to  have  been  a  most 


48     WISCONSIN  ARCHBOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

desperate  one,  thousands  of  warriors,  women  and  children  being 
slaughtered  by  the  French  and  their  allies. 

One  of  the  most  notable  events  occurring  at  the  "Hill  of  the 
Dead"  was  the  great  council  of  August  1827,  at  which  several 
thousand  Chippewas,  Winnebagoes  and  Menomonees  were  assem- 
bled to  meet  Gen.  Louis  Cass  and  Col.  Thomas  L.  McKinney,  the 
United  States  commissioners,  appointed  for  the  purpose  of  ap- 
portioning the  lands  of  the  various  tribes  represented  and  fixing 
their  proper  boundaries.  Chief  John  W.  Quinne,  an  educated 
Stockbridge  Indian,  with  Eleazer  Williams,  the  ''Lost  Dauphin,^' 
were  present  as  representatives  of  the  New  York  Indians,  who 
had  been  ceded,  lands  along  the  Fox  river  by  the  Menomonees. 
(Fig.  2.) 

There  were  also  present  at  this  treaty  a  command  of  U.  S. 
regulars  and  volunteer  troops  who  had  halted  enroute  to  the  seat 
of  the  "Winnebago  war."  It  was  during  this  council  (on  August 
7,  1827)  that  the  young  Indian  Oiscoss  or  "Oskosh,"  as  the  name 
is  spelled  in  the  treaty,  was  formally  selected  by  the  commissioners 
and  recognized  as  the  head  chief  of  the  Menomonee  Indians. 

It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  Dr.  Increase  A.  Lapham's 
wishes  so  strongly  expressed  in  regard  to  the  preservation  of  this 
historic  monument  should  not  have  been  heeded. 

In  the  year  1863,  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway 
constructed  a  pile  bridge  across  Little  Butte  des  Morts  lake  and 
made  a  deep  cut  through  this  point  on  the  south  side  of  and 
within  30  feet  of  the  mound.  Subsequently  they  excavated  and 
removed  the  gravel  at  this  place  over  an  area  of  about  five  acres 
to  a  depth  of  about  20  feet,  and  with  it  regardless  of  tradition  or 
history  went  the  "Hill  of  the  Dead."  Thus  it  happened  that  the 
bones  and  implements  of  the  aborigines  entombed  therein  were 
strewn  along  the  railway  right-of-way  for  miles. 

After  one-third  of  the  mound  had  crumbled  into  the  pit 
made  by  the  busy  pick  and  shovel,  a  large  pocket  of  human  bones 
was  plainly  exposed  near  its  base.  All  about  the  outer  surface,  in 
shallow  graves,  were  the  remains  of  a  great  number  of  skeletons, 
possibly  representing  burials  of  a  later  date  than  those  found  at 
its  base.  As  I  can  find  no  indication  of  an  aboriginal  cemetery  in 
this  vicinity  that  may  be  ascribed  to  the  Fox  Indians  who  re- 
sided from  1683  to  1728  within  a  mile  of  the  mound,  I  have  come 
to  the  conclusion  that  some  of  these  latter  interments  were  those 
of  members  of  that  tribe. 

I  am  informed,  on  good  authority,  that  the  early  settlers  and 
physicians  often  resorted  to  this  mound  for  skeletons. 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeologry  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin. 


49 


The  ''Hill  of  the  Dead"  was  probably  never  properly  sur- 
veyed. According  to  Augustine  Grignon,  it  was  "some  6  or  8 
rods  in  diameter  and  perhaps  some  15  feet  high."  (3rd  Ann. 
Rept,  Wis.  State  Hist.  Soc.)  The  author's  measurements  were 
obtained  from  Mr.  C.  V.  Donaldson  of  Menasha  and  old  residents 
of  the  neighborhood  who  state  that  it  was  of  an  oval  form  having 
a  long  diameter  of  60  feet  and  short  diameter  of  35  feet.  The 
height  corresponding  with  that  given  by  Grignon  and  others.  It 
was  located  a  distance  of  360  feet  west  of  the  lake  shore  and  300 
feet  south  of  the  east  and  west  quarter  quarter  line  of  section 
16.     (Fig.  3.) 


i^iti.  3. 

About  y2  mile  west  of  the  ''Hill  of  the  Dead"  there  is  another 
eminence,  apparently  artificial,  which  has  been  referred  to  by  Har- 
ney (Hist.  Winnebago  Co.)  in  connection  with  the  foregoing 
as  the  "two  hills  of  the  dead."  It  is  9  feet  in  height  and  100  feet 
in  diameter  and  is  built  of  boulders  and  gravel.  It  is  now  over- 
grown with  trees  and  bushes.  No  attempt  has  as  yet  been  made 
to  investigate  it. 

In  the  vicinity  of  this  mound  there  are  a  number  of  stone 
circles  each  about  4  feet  in  diameter  constructed  of  boulders  about 
10  inches  in  thickness.  The  areas  enclosed  within  these  circles 
have  become  filled  in  with  earth  and  many  of  the  circles  almost 
hidden  beneath  the  accumulation.  From  the  center  of  one  has 
grown  a  great  oak  tree  so  that  the  stones  now  lie  in  a  ring  about 


50     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGiST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

its  base.  In  a  cornfield  adjoining  on  the  north  the  woodland  in 
which  these  are  located,  there  were  formerly  hundreds  of  such  cir- 
cles which  the  thrifty  husbandman  has  now  cleared  from  the  field. 

6.  Village  Site  Stockade  Embankment. — This  stockade 
embankment  of  the  Outagamie  (Fox)  Indian  village,  of  which 
a  full  description  and  history  has  been  given  by  the  author  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society  for  the  year 
1900,  is  located  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Henry  Race,  in  the  southeast 
quarter  of  section  8,  one  mile  northwest  of  the  ''Hill  of  the  Dead" 
and  three-quarters  of  a  mile  west  of  Little  Butte  des  Morts  lake. 

After  being  driven  from  Michigan,  after  their  battle  with  the 
French  and  their  Indian  allies  at  Detroit  in  the  year  1712,  the 
remnant  of  the  Fox  Indians  who  took  part  in  that  raid,  returned 
to  their  Wisconsin  villages. 

On  their  return  they  endeavored  to  form  an  alliance  with 
other  Wisconsin  tribes  for  the  purpose  of  again  harassing  the 
French  with  the  result  that  a  war  of  extermination  was  ordered  by 
the  authorities  in  Quebec. 

In  1 716,  Sieur  de  Louvigny,  in  command  of  an  army  of  500 
French  and  1,000  Iroquois  came  to  Wisconsin  for  that  purpose. 
In  the  meantime  the  Fox  Indians  had  prepared  for  his  coming  by 
erecting  a  strong  stockade  consisting  of  a  triple  row  of  oak  palis- 
ades with  an  outer  ditch.  From  within  this  strongly  fortified  en- 
closure 500  warriors  and  3,000  women  for  a  period  of  three  days 
successfully  defended  themselves  against  the  French  and  their 
cannon.  At  the  end  of  this  time  propositions  for  peace  were  re- 
ceived and  a  treaty  finally  concluded  between  the  opposing  forces. 
The  Foxes,  however,  failed  to  carry  out  their  agreement  under 
the  treaty,  and  in  1728  Sieur  de  Lignery  came  to  Wisconsin  with 
a  second  expedition  for  the  purpose  of  subduing  them,  but  the  In- 
dians being  warned  of  his  coming,  only  empty  villages  were 
found.  These  and  the  stockade  were  burned  and  destroyed  by 
the  French.  The  stockade  embankment  (Fig.  4),  which  is  still 
to  be  seen,  partially  enclose  about  7^'  acres  of  land.  The  central 
portion  is  700  feet  in  length  and  its  two  wings  each  450  feet  in 
length.     It  is  25  feet  in  width  and  now  about  3  feet  in  height. 

On  one  wing  and  corner  are  bastion-like  extensions,  the 
probable  site  of  blockhouses.  The  rear  may  have  been  otherwise 
defended. 

A  low  embankment  200  feet  in  length  in  a  field  a  slight  dist- 
ance to  the  west  is  supposed  to  indicate  the  position  of  the  trenches 
built  by  the  French  in  their  attack  on.  the  palisade.  A  descrip- 
tion of  this  stockade  h^s  also  been  Dublished  by  the  author  in  the 
Milwaukee  Sentinel  of  Sept.  10,   1899. 


LAWSON — Sutntnary  of  the  Arcbeolosry  of  Winneba/jo  County.  Wijiconslti. 


51 


I  ^ -^k-', 


m 


.'•■•  / 


''*'/-  ''''••••••'MllniMII IIIIM/to, 

'"iiiiiMiiiii»iiiiiiMiiiii«^     : 


?V^  Acres 


MENRr  RACE    Y& 

Houae&SARN.      \q 
''It*'? 


Fig.  4. 


^.  Great  Serpent  Mounds. — A  plat  and  description  of  this 
group  has  been  given  by  the  author  in  the  January,  1902,  issue 
of  the  Wisconsin  Archeologist  (Vol.  i,  No.  i,  pp.  35-36). 

A  description  of  one  of  the  effigies  has  also  appeared  in  the 
Oshkosh  Northwestern  of  September  3,  1898.  This  group  is  lo- 
cated about  one  and  a  half  miles  west  of  Little  Butte  des  Morts 
lake  and  about  two  and  one-half  miles  northwest  of  the  city  of 
Neenah.  It  is  only  about  500  feet  northwest  of  the  remains  of  the 
old  Fox  stockade  embankment  just  described. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  my  description  of  these 
effigies : 

'The  country  about  is  old  farming  land.  One  of  the  mounds 
has  never  been  disturbed,  while  the  other  one  has  been  plowed 
over  in  parts  and  largely  removed  with  scrapers.  The  two  reptiles 
are  apparently  rushing  toward  each  other.  Between  their  heads 
runs  a  very  small  creek  four  feet  wide  and  dry  in  summer,  but 
which  in  1728  was  large  enough  a  half  mile  below  to  admit  sev- 
eral hundred  canoes  bearing  the  French  and  Iroquois  army  which 
came  to  assault  the  Fox  Indian  village  nearby. 

West  of  the  mounds  the  land  sinks  into  a  basin,   so  that 


52     wrSCONSiN  ARCHBOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

they  seem  to  lie  along  the  edge  of  the  sharp  depression  of  about 
3  feet  to  the  basin.  They  are  constructed  of  red  clay  similar  to 
the  surrounding  subsoil,  and  with  a  few  inches  of  vegetable  mold 
on  one  and  much  more  on  the  other.  At  the  bottom  of  the  slope 
along  which  they  lie,  there  is  an  artificial  ditch  extending  their 
whole  length  (except  at  certain  points  in  the  one  which  has  been 
plowed  over)  which  is  now  from  3  inches  to  2  feet  in  depth.  It  is 
deepest  at  the  head  and  gradually  grows  less  deep  toward  the  ex- 
tremities where  it  disappears  with  the  tails  of  the  mounds. 

The  stumps  on  the  mounds  are  numerous  and  some  of  them 
three  feet  through,  showing  ages  from  forty  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty  years. 

The  heads  of  the  reptiles  are  not  distinctly  outlined,  but  are 
flat  as  if  mashed.  In  the  jaws  of  one  there  is  a  four  foot  elm 
stump. 

One  of  the  mounds  is  a  prominent  feature  of  the  landscape,  as 
it  can  be  seen  from  quite  a  distance.  Its  peculiar  serpentine  shape 
is  very  striking. 

The  length  of  mound  A  is  1,210  feet,  and  of  the  other,  mound 
B,  1,580  feet,  making  for  both  of  them  a  total  length  of  2,790  feet, 
or  over  half  a  mile. 

A  drawing  of  these  immense  leviathans,  lying  full  length 
upon  the  ground,  made  on  a  scale  of  one  hundred  feet  to  the 
inch,  cannot  convey  to  the  mind  any  idea  of  the  numerous  coils 
and  curves  which  make  up  the  mounds.  One  great  loop  runs  out 
twenty-five  feet  and  returns  within  a  few  feet  of  its  starting  point. 
From  the  neck,  the  mounds  grow  gradually  higher  and  broader 
toward  the  middle  of  the  effigies,  then  as  gradually,  and  gracefully 
grow  smaller  and  smaller  until  they  disappear  into  the  surround- 
ing soil.  The  smaller  one  ends  among  a  lot  of  stumps,  and  the 
larger  one  up  in  the  top  soil  of  rock  outcrop  of  Trenton  lime- 
stone. 

The  lands  across  which  the  mounds  lie  are  divided  into  half 
a  dozen  fields  with  as  many  owners." 

8.  Kame  Burials. — At  various  places  in  the  southern  por- 
tion of  this  town  and  in  the  town  of  ISIeenah  on  the  Blair,  Jenni- 
john,  Moulton,  Hankey  and  other  farms  gravel  pit  interments  are 
frequently  disturbed  in  taking  out  the  material  for  road  work. 
These  graves  are  usually  at  a  depth  of  but  a  few  feet  beneath  the 
surface.  They  are  generally  about  2  feet  wide  and  deep  and  6 
feet  long.  The  bones  lie  in  a  horizontal  position,  the  direction 
varying  greatly. 


L  A WSOX— Summary  of  the  Archeolo|fy  of  Winneliasro  Cootjty,  Wiscoqsm.  63 

From  a  pit  near  the  **Hill  of  the  Dead"  the  author  obtained, 
in  1882,  a  dozen  sherds  of  shell-tempered  earthenware,  several 
fragments  of  carved  bone  and  a  number  of  bone  awls.  During 
the  summer  of  1902  a  number  of  human  bones  and  a  copper  spear- 
point  found  with  them  were  taken  from  a  pit  on  the  Blair  prop- 
erty by  workmen.  The  gravel  ridge  in  which  these  interments 
occur  extends  from  this  point  across  portions  of  the  towns  of 
Neenah,  Vinland  and  Winneconne  to  Big  Butte  des  Morts  lake. 

On  the  farm  of  Mr.  W.  Weaver  in  the  southwest  quarter  of 
section  17,  near  a  stone  quarry,  human  bones  and  a  considerable 
number  of  stone  implements  have  been  found  at  different  times. 

Doty  Island* 

9.  Doty  Island  Village  Site. — This  island  takes  its  name 
from  James  Duane  Doty,  whose  residence  place  it  was  and  who 
served  as  governor  of  Wisconsin  territory  during  the  years  of 
I 84 I   to   1844. 

The  island  itself  is  formed  by  the  division  of  the  Fox  river 
where  it  leaves  Lake  Winnebago  and  is  about  i^  miles  in  length, 
^  of  a  mile  in  width  and  about  700  acres  in  extent.  It  was  in 
early  days  overgrown  with  great  oaks  and  noble  elms  and  is  now 
occupied  by  the  fine  residences,  thoroughfares  and  gardens  of  the 
twin  cities  of  Neenah  and  Menasha.  It  is  upon  this  picturesque 
island  that  the  principal  village  of  the  powerful  Winnebago  tribe, 
so  intimately  associated  with  the  early  history  of  the  state,  was 
located  from  as  far  back  as  the  year  1634  to  1830,  the  date  of 
the  death  of  Four  Legs,  the  last  of  its  great  warlike  chiefs.  Cut- 
ting Marsh  reports  the  village  as  being  occupied  up  to  as  late  as 
1832,  making  nearly  two  hundred  years  of  almost  continuous 
occupation  by  this  tribe.  When  first  this  people  were  reported  to 
Samuel  de  Champlain,  governor  of  New  France,  at  Quebec,  in 
the  year  1632,  he  believed  from  the  fanciful  description  given  him 
by  his  Indian  visitors,  that  the  inhabitants  were  Chinese  and  that 
he  had  at  last  found  the  long-sought  clue  to  the  route  to  the  Celes- 
tial empire.  In  1634,  he  dispatched  Jean  Nicolet  as  his  ambassa- 
dor to  this  strange  far-away  people.  The  story  of  the  coming  of 
this  first  white  man  to  Wisconsin  is  told  in  nearly  every  work 
treating  of  Wisconsin's  early  history. 

The  following  is  the  account  of  his  arrival  as  given  by  Mr. 
Henry  E.  Legler  in  his  interesting  volume  entitled,  "Leading 
Events  of  Wisconsin  History"  (Milwaukee,  1898)  : 

**At  last  Nicolet  was  on  Wisconsin  soil.  He  believed  himself 
to  be  on  the  threshold  of  China.     The  Menomonees,  who  made 


54     WISCONSIN  ARCHELOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

their  habitation  here,  were  of  a  hghter  complexion  than  the  In- 
dians Nicolet  knew.  Some  writers  have  ascribed  this  circum- 
stance to  the  use  of  wild  rice  by  these  Indians  as  a  staple  article  of 
diet.  Champlain's  messenger  learned  that  but  a  short  journey 
would  bring  him  to  the  land  of  the  Winnebagoes.  He  sent  one 
of  his  Hurons  to  appraise  the  supposed  celestials  of  his  coming 
and  prepared  to  meet  them  in  becoming  style.  For  this  purpose 
he  had  brought  a  robe  of  gorgeous  hue,  like  unto  Joseph's  in  its 
resplendent  coloring.  The  early  French  narrative  known  as  the 
Vimont  Relation,  describes  how  Nicolet's  mandarin  dress  was 
besprinkled  with  birds  of  bright  plumage  and  flowers  of  many 
hues,  in  woven  work. 

If  Nicolet  erred  in  his  conception  of  the  Winnebagoes,  this 
tribe  of  red  men  likewise  formed  erroneous  notions  concerning 
their  visitor.  They  believed  him  a  manitou  or  spirit,  an  impres- 
sion that  was  accentuated  when  he  advanced  into  their  midst  with 
a  pistol  in  each  hand,  the  contents  of  which  he  discharged  in  the 
air  with  great  dramatic  effect.  He  was  much  disappointed  to 
learn,  however,  that  the  'Teople  of  the  Sea,'^  in  quest  of  whom 
he  had  undertaken  his'  long  and  arduous  canoe  voyage,  wore 
moccasins  and  other  savage  apparel  in  place  of  the  product  of  the 
loom.  With  true  French  adaptability  he  made  the  best  of  the 
situation  and  proceeded  to  win  to  the  French  interests  these  nations 
of  the  West.  He  urged  them  to  come  to  Montreal  for  barter, 
and  not  to  engage  in  war  with  nations  friendly  to  the  French. 

The  coming  of  this  man  caused  a  great  gathering  of  Indians. 
One  account  estimates  the  number  of  people  who  came  to  greet 
him  at  5,000,  but  later  accounts  considerably  reduced  this  un- 
doubted exaggeration.  The  Relation  heretofore  quoted  mentions 
that  a  great  feast  was  held.  Judging  from  the  quantity  of  pro- 
visions consumed,  the  number  of  warriors  must  have  been  large 
and  their  appetites  considerably  sharpened.  There  were  consumed, 
if  the  account  of  the  feast  is  true,  more  than  one  hundred  beavers, 
besides  many  deer  and  other  forest  viands  secured  by  the  chase." 

10.  Stockade  Embankment. — Situated  partly  upon  the 
property  of  Mr.  L.  Pinkerton  and  Mr.  Striddie  at  a  distance  of 
47  rods  east  of  Ninth  street  in  Neenah  and  directly  in  line  with  a 
series  of  effigy  mounds,  are  located  the  remains  of  the  earthern 
embankment  at  one  time  supporting  the  walls  of  the  Winnebago 
stockade  or  fort  which  was  destroyed  in  1728  by  the  French  and 
Iroquois  expedition  which  also  destroyed  the  Fox  Indian  stockade 
on  the  mainland  as  already  described.     (Fig.  5.) 


LA  WSON— Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin. 


55 


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Fig.   5. 

While  the  villagers  returned  and  continued  to  inhabit  the 
island  it  does  not  appear  that  the  stockade  was  rebuilt.  The  po- 
sition and  shape  of  the  embankment  enclosure  is  best  to  be  seen 
in  the  cut.  As  it  was  not  possible  to  enclose  the  entire  popu- 
lation of  the  island  within  the  stockade,  it  is  supposed  that  it 
was  only  occupied  in  time  of  war,  when  the  women  and  children 
were  probably  removed  to  a  distance  for  safety.  The  peculiarity 
of  the  double  enclosure  indicates  that  one  is  simply  the  result  of 
the  enlarging  of  an  earlier  and  smaller  stockade. 

There  are  enclosed  at  present  within  the  embankment  of  the 
stockade  about  three  quarter  acres  of  land.  The  northern  side  of 
the  enclosure  is  200  feet,  the  southern  side  300  feet  in  length  and 
its  extreme  width  about  160  feet.  The  embankment  is  from  18 
inches  to  3  feet  in  height. 

II.  Doty  Island  Cornfields. — The  cornfields  of  this  vil- 
lage are  still  to  be  seen  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  island  on  the 
property  of  Mr.  G.  C.  Jones  and  along  the  Neenah  Fox  river. 
They  consist  of  long  regular  drills  or  ridges  covering  several  acres 
of  groun'd,  each  row  being  from  3  to  6  inches  in  height,  about  3 
feet  in  width  and  from  4  to  6  feet  apart  from  center  to  center. 


56     WISCOMSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2.  Nos.  2  and  3. 

These  cornhills  are  mentioned  by  Dr.  Increase  A.  Lapham. 
(Antiquities  of  Wisconsin,  p.  6i,  April,  1855).  He  states 
that :  'The  eastern  extremity  of  Doty's  island  has  long  been  oc- 
cupied by  Indians,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  regular  cornhills  cover- 
ing nearly  the  whole  surface  as  well  as  by  a  new  feature,  not 
before  observed,  or  supposed  to  be  within  the  pale  of  Indian  cus- 
toms. The  ground  was  originally  covered  with  loose  stones,  frag- 
ments of  the  solid  limestone  rock  that  exists  everywhere  not  far 
beneath  the  surface.  These  stones  had  been  carefully  collected 
into  little  heaps  and  ridges  to  make  room  for  the  culture  of  the 
native  crop.  The  stone  heaps  are  six  or  eight  feet  in  diameter 
and  from  one  to  two  feet  in  height.  The  interstices  are  now 
filled  with  soil  and  partially  covered  with  grass  and  weeds." 

These  stone  heaps  are  still  to  be  seen  at  this  place.  I  have 
briefly  described  them  in  the  October,  1902,  issue  of  the  Wiscon- 
sin Archeologist  (Vol.  2,  No.  i,  pp.  30). 

At  the  water's  edge  several  hundred  feet  southeast  of  the  old 
Doty  homestead  there  is  a  black  trap  boulder  having  on  its  top 
several  highly  polished  basin-shaped  depressions  which  are  said 
to  have  been  employed  by  the  Indians  in  grinding  their  corn.  This 
boulder  is  somewhat  oval  in  form,  6  feet  in  length,  3  feet  in  height 
and  3  feet  in  thickness. 

12.  Doty  Mounds. — These  mounds  are  located  on  a  terrace 
which  circles  the  eastern  end  of  the  island  and  marks  the  ancient 
flood  plane  of  Winnebago  lake  and  the  Fox  river.  This  ter- 
race is  elevated  about  15  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake.  (Fig.  5.) 
The  group  consists  of  a  string  of  efligy,  oval  and  round  mounds 
beginning  near  the  middle  of  the  eastern  end  of  the  island  and  ex- 
tending from  thence  in  a  general  southwesterly  direction  across 
the  Winnebago  village  site  for  a  half  mile  or  more  to  near  the 
shore  of  the  Neenah  Fox  river  at  its  southern  margin. 

Four  of  the  most  northern  of  these  mounds  are  permanently 
preserved  in  Elisha  D.  Smith  Park  at  the  southern  limits  of  the 
city  of  Menasha. 

The  first  of  these,  No.  i,  is  of  the  type  referred  to  by  Dr.  In- 
crease A.  Lapham  as  "lizard"  mounds.  It  is  217  feet  in  length. 
The  body  is  40  feet  in  length,  30  feet  in  width  and  26  inches  in 
height.  The  tail  is  177  feet  in  length  and  15  feet  in  width  where 
it  connects  with  the  body.  Upon  the  body  there  is  a  towering 
white  oak  tree  2  feet  in  diameter. 

Mound  No.  2  is  of  the  same  form  and  is  125^  feet  in  length. 
Its  body  measures  45  feet  in  length  and  31^  feet  in  width  and 
the  tail  is  80^  feet  in  length.     Growing  upon  the  body  and  tail 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.  57 

of  this  mound  are  several  white  oak  trees  measuring  from  33  to 
35  inches  in  diameter. 

No.  3,  the  third  ''lizard"  mound,  has  a  total  length  of  200  feet 
and  is  21  inches  in  height  at  its  highest  part.  It  has  a  2^  inch 
white  oak  tree  growing  upon  its  body. 

No.  4,  also  of  this  class  of  mounds,  has  been  nearly  obliterated 
by  the  grading  of  Park  street,  forming  the  eastern  boundary  of 
the  park.     It  was  originally  about  seventy  feet  in  length. 

No.  5  is  a  mound  approaching  in  shape  the  so-called  "turtle" 
mounds.  It  is  without  the  usual  caudal  appendage.  It  is  37  feet 
in  length  and  30  feet  across  the  body  at  the  limbs  on  either  side. 

The  height  of  this  mound  is  now  only  about  14  inches.  On 
its  head  there  grows  an  oak  !ree  having  a  diameter  of  30  inches. 

Every  precaution  is  being  taken  to  carefully  care  for  these 
fine  mounds  in  order  that  they  may  serve  as  object  lessons  to 
the  public  and  students  of  the  future. 

The  attention  of  the  visitor  is  directed  to  the  character  of 
these  ancient  works  by  neat  boards  signs,  placed  near  each,  bearing 
the  legend,  "This  is  a  Lizard  Mound ;"  "This  is  a  Turtle  Mound." 

About  600  feet  south  of  these  on  the  G.  Webster  lot  there 
are  two  "lizard"  mounds.  They  are  separated  from  one  an- 
other by  a  distance  of  20  feet. 

Mound  No.  6  is  233  feet  in  length  and  now  about  12  inches  in 
height  and  mound  No.  7  is  137  feet  in  length  and  now  about  16 
inches  in  height.  No.  6  whose  head  extends  over  the  property 
line  into  a  neighboring  field,  the  William  Stridde  property,  has 
been  under  cultivation,  but  its  outlines  can  still  be  made  out. 
Mound  No.  8  of  a  similar  shape  was  located  in  an  orchard  on  an 
adjoining  property,  about  20  feet  east  of  the  foregoing.  It  has 
been  obliterated  by  the  growing  of  a  row  of  apple  trees. 

Mound  No.  9  is  directly  south  of  these  on  the  Wm.  Striddie 
lot. 

Over  fifty  loads  of  black  earth  have  been  removed  from  it 
and  it  has  been  cultivated  for  several  years.  At  its  highest  part 
it  is  still  30  inches  in  height. 

It  is  of  course  impossible  to  determine  what  was  its  former 
outline.  Its  extreme  length  is  now  about  112  feet  and  its  ex- 
treme width  about  42  feet.  No  attempt  to  ascertain  its  contents 
has  ever  been  made. 

Some  distance  to  the  east  of  these  mounds  on  the  lower  land 
near  the  lake  there  existed  about  twenty  years  ago,  in  the  native 
woods,  another  mound  of  the  "lizard^'  form.     (No.  10). 

Its  head  lay  in  a  southwesterly  direction  and  it  was  at  least 
150  feet  in  length  and  about  3  feet  in  height. 


58     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2.  Nob.  2  and  3. 

It  was  entirely  removed  in  grading  the  running  track  for  the 
Island  Driving  Park  which  is  located  here. 

Near  Ninth  street,  in  the  city  of  Neenah,  on  the  L.  J.  Pinker- 
ton  property,  is  a  round  mound  (No.  ii)  which  is  now  70  feet  in 
diameter  and  2  feet  in  height. 

Upon  the  premises  of  Roberts'  summer  hotel,  the  old  home- 
stead of  Governor  James  D.  Doty,  there  are  a  number  of  mounds. 

The  first  of  these  (No.  12)  is  a  round  mound  located  near 
the  entrance  gate  and  driveway.  It  is  now  45  feet  in  diameter 
and  2  feet  in  height.  There  are  indications  that  this  may  have 
been  an  effigy  mound. 

Across  the  driveway  from  the  above  there  are  indications  of 
the  former  location  of  a  similar  mound.  (No.  13.)  But  a  short 
distance  southeast  of  these  in  a  grass-lot  there  are  to  be  seen 
the  remains  of  a  mound,  probably  of  an  effigy.      (No.  14.) 

Its  extreme  length  is  70  feet  and  its  extreme  width  60  feet. 
It  is  now  about  30  inches  in  height. 

South  of  this  one  and  immediately  to  the  west  of  the  old 
Doty  homestead,  is  a  round  mound  (No.  15),  which  is  20  feet 
in  diameter,  and  2  feet  in  height. 

To  the  west  of  this  last  there  are  the  remains  of  what  may 
have  been  a  "bird"  effigy.     (No.  16.) 

It  has  been  under  cultivation  for  years  and  its  outline  is 
no  longer  very  distinct.  Upon  it  there  is  an  oak  stump  21 
inches  in  diameter. 

The  remains  of  another  effigy  mound  (No.  17)  are  to  be  seen 
to  the  west  of  the  last  near  Fifth  street.  It  now  measures  48  feet 
in  length,  15  feet  in  width  and  18  inches  in  height. 

Upon  it  there  is  an  oak  stump  14  inches  in  diameter. 

All  of  these  mounds  appear  to  have  been  constructed  from 
material  obtained  near  at  hand. 

Town  of  Nccnah. 

13.  Treaty  Elm. — For  many  years  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing land  marks  in  the  county  was  the  'Treaty  Elm"  or  ''Coun- 
cil Tree"  beneath  whose  wide  spreading  branches  the  chiefs  of  the 
neighboring  tribes  are  said  to  have  been  wont  to  gather  in  council. 
It  was  located  on  Riverside  Park  point  at  the  mouth  of  the  Neenah 
-Fox  river  in  the  City  of  Neenah.  It  was  of  immense  size  and 
girth  and  towered  above  all  the  surrounding  forest  and  could  be 
seen  from  points  from  5  to  8  miles  distant.  Such  was  its  promin- 
ence as  a  land  mark  that  it  was  for  many  years  used  as  a  guide 
by  sailors  and  steamer  pilots  on  the  lake.     In  1890  in  widening 


LAWSON— Sumniary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebajro  County.  Wisconsin.  59 

the  river,  both  the  tree  and  point  were  cut  away.  It  was  from 
beneath  this  monarch  of  the  forest  that  Four  Legs,  a  Winnebago 
chief,  undertook,  in  1815,  as  had  the  Fox  Indians  a  century  pre- 
vious, to  halt  all  boatmen  and  exact  tribute.     To  a  convoy  of  U. 

5.  soldiers  under  Gen.  Leavenworth  making  up  the  rapids  on  their 
way  to  the  Mississippi  he  made  his  historic  remark  that,  "the 
lake  was  locked."  At  this  the  General  is  said  to  have  raised  his 
rifle  with  the  reply,  "But  I  have  the  key." 

To  this  the  prudent  old  chief  quickly  replied,  "Then  you 
may  pass  through." 

14.  Manser's  Bay  Cemetery. — On  the  farm  of  Mr.  G. 
H.  Manser  on  the  shore  of  Manser's  bay.  Lake  Winnebago,  in  the 
northeast  quarter  of  section  9,  there  are  indications  of  a  rather 
extensive  aboriginal  burying  place. 

The  graves  are  scattered  over  an  area  of  ten  acres  along 
the  shore  of  the  lake. 

In  excavating  at  this  point  in  October,  1898,  Mr.  Harold 
Lawson  and  others  succeeded  in  uncovering  eleven  skeletons, 
an  entire  pottery  vessel  and  fragments  of  several  others,  some 
carved  clam  shells,  bone  awls  and  a  number  of  flint  arrow  points. 

The  perfect  vessel  and  the  half  of  another  were  described 
and  figured  by  the  author  in  the  July,  1902,  issue  of  the  Wiscon- 
sin Archeologist.     (Vol.  i.  No.  4,  pp.  97). 

The  former  is  well  fashioned  of  a  dark  colored  clay,  shell 
tempered,  and  is  decorated  about  the  shoulder  and  neck  with  a 
pattern  consisting  of  incised  lines  and  indentations. 

The  dimensions  of  this  vessel  are :  height  4^/2  inches ;  diam- 
eter at  the  top  4  inches;  at  the  shoulder  6  inches;  thickness  3-16 
of  an  inch.  The  fragmentary  vessel  is  of  similar  material  and 
is  ornamented  about  the  neck  with  a  single  row  of  indentations. 
Its  original  dimensions  I  estimate  to  have  been  as  follows :  height 
9  inches,  diameter  at  the  top  8  inches ;  at  the  shoulder,  10  inches. 

These  vessels  are  the  present  property  of  Messrs.  Harold  and 
Percy  Lawson  of  Menasha. 

Town  of  Vinland. 

15.  Allenville  Cornfield. — On  the  authority  of  others 
I  have  recorded  the  existence  of  an  aboriginal  cornfield  in  section 

6,  about  I  mile  north  of  Allenville,  and  of  the  existence  of  a  sim- 
ilar evidence  of  cultivation  at  the  head  of  a  creek  about  ^  mile 
south  of  the  center  the  northern  boundary  of  this  town. 

16.  Faine's  Point  Mound. — In  a  communication  addressed 
to  Mr.  Charles  E.  Brown,  dated  March  26,   1903,  Mr.  George 


60     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

H.  Randall,  city  engineer  of  the  City  of  Oshkosh,  makes  mention 
of  a  mound  formerly  situated  at  Paine's  point,  3  miles  south  of 
the  City  of  Neenah,  near  the  shore  of  Lake  Winnebago. 

Town  of  Oshkosh. 

17.  Island  Park  Village  Site. — On  Island  Park,  in  Lake 
Winnebago,  now  one  of  the  most  delightful  summer  retreats  along 
the  lake  shore,  was  formerly  located  the  Winnebago  village  of  that 
redoubtable  Indian  warrior,  *'Pe-Sheu"  or  the  Wild  Cat,  whose 
war  whoop  was  heard  on  many  historic  battlefields. 

The  early  name  of  the  island  and  village,  'Te-Sheu's  village," 
was  derived  from  this  source. 

For  some  years  prior  to  181 3  and  down  to  rather  late  times  it 
also  bore  the  name  of  Garlic  island.  Just  when  this  village  was  es- 
tablished here  cannot  be  exactly  ascertained,  yet  it  is  highly  prob- 
able that  Pe-Sheu  himself  was  its  founder  and  that  he  and  his 
tribesmen  came  from  the  principal  Winnebago  village  on  Doty's 
island. 

One  of  the  earliest  descriptions  of  this  Island  Park  village 
is  that  of  Mrs.  (Governor)  James  D.  Doty,  who  records  in  her 
journal,  under  the  date  of  August,  1823,  of  a  canoe  journey  which 
she  made  with  her  husband  on  the  way  up  river  to  hold  court  at 
Prairie  du  Chien. 

She  says :  "We  coasted  along  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Win- 
nebago to  Garlic  island,  on  the  opposite  point  to  which  is  a  Win- 
nebago village  of  fine  permanent  lodges,  and  fine  cornfields." 

The  late  Judge  Morgan  L.  Martin,  then  a  young  attorney 
new  in  the  western  country,  made  the  same  journey  in  birch  bark 
canoes  with  Judge  Doty  and  others  in  1828  on  their  way  to  try 
Red  Bird,  the  Winnebago,  for  murder. 

In  his  account  of  his  voyage  he  says :  "Garlic  Island  was 
the  next  stopping  place.  There  was  a  Winnebago  village  there 
of  about  the  same  size  as  that  over  which  Four  Legs  (Doty  Is- 
land) presided,  (150  to  200  lodges  covered  with  bark  and  mats). 
The  lodges,  however,  were  longer  and  neater.  We  purchased 
supplies  of  vegetables  of  the  island  villagers." 

From  these  descriptions  it  would  appear  that  the  village  oc- 
cupied both  the  island  and  mainland ;  that  the  wigwams  were  well 
constructed,  the  fields  of  Indian  maize  of  considerable  extent,  and 
the  population  at  that  time  one  of  1000  or  more  persons. 

Chief  Wild  Cat  was  a  large  and  bulky  savage  with  a  hasty 
and  ferocious  temper  which  often  got  him  into  difficulties.  We 
suppose  that  he  was  born  at  Doty's  island  at  some  time  just  pre- 
vious to  the  American  Revolution. 


LAWSON — Summary  of  tKe  Archeology  of  Winnebairo  Cotinty,  Wisconsin.  61 

The  earliest  knowledge  which  we  have  of  this  chieftain  is  from 
a  remark  he  once  made  when  he  and  Sarcel,  a  Winnebago  chief, 
had  a  dispute  in  regard  to  their  relative  bravery. 

On  this  occasion  Wild  Cat  is  said  to  have  exclaimed :  ''Don't 
you  remember  the  time  we  aided  the  Shawanoes  (English)  in  at- 
tacking the  fort,  that  you  ran  off  so  fast  that  you  lost  your 
breech  clout."  This  remark  had  reference  to  the  Indian  war  of 
1793,  when  the  British  had  incited  the  western  Indians  to  frequent 
depredations  against  the  straggling  white  settlers  in  Ohio  and 
other  western  territories.  There  is  a  possibility  also  that  he  may 
have  served  with  Charles  de  Langlade  under  the  British  flag  in 
the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

Certain  it  is  that  in  1797  he  was  considered  of  sufficient  im- 
portance to  receive  from  the  royal  officers  the  medal  of  their 
King.  This  bronze  medal,  given  as  a  memento  of  distinguished 
favor  by  King  George  III  to  his  savage  ally  in  his  wildwood 
home  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Winnebago,  now  reposes  in  the  mu- 
seum of  Lawrence  University  at  Appleton,  Wis.  It  was  deposited 
there  about  the  year  1875  by  Mr.  D.  C.  Church  of  Vinland,  who 
obtained  it  from  Louis  B.  Porlier  of  Butte  des  Morts,  a  trader 
and  son  of  Judge  Porlier  and  son-in-law  of  Augustine  Grignon. 
(Consult  Harney.     Hist.  Win.  Co.,  pp.  271.) 

18.  Island  Park  Mound. — At  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  island  there  is  a  cairn  or  mound  built  of  stones.  It  is  now 
30  inches  in  height  and  15  feet  in  diameter  and  is  overgrown  with 
grass  and  shrubbery.  The  gradual  encroachment  of  the  waters 
of  the  lake  have  already  caused  a  great  part  of  it  to  crumble 
down  the  bank. 

19.  Winnebago  P.  O.  Mounds. — In  the  collection  of  Mr. 
H.  E.  Knapp  of  Menomonee  there  is  a  pottery  vessel  which  was 
obtained  by  his  brother-in-law,  Mr.  David  Thomas  of  Ripon, 
from  some  workmen,  who  were  levelling  some  mounds  during 
the  process  of  road  making,  at  a  place  about  i^^  miles  north  of 
the  Northern  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  Several  broken  vessels 
were  also  removed  from  these  mounds. 

The  Knapp  pot  is  about  4>4  inches  in  diameter  and  3^^  inches 
in  height.  The  author  has  been  unable  to  secure  any  further  in- 
formation in  regard  to  these  mounds. 

20.  Asylum  Bay  Graves. — In  the  cabinet  of  Mr.  H.  P. 
Hamilton  of  Two  Rivers  are  two  pottery  vessels  which  were 
taken  from  one  of  these  graves  which  were  located  on  the  shore 


62     WISCONSIN  ARCHHOLGGIST.  Vol  2.  Nos.  2  and  3. 

of  Lake  Winnebago,  about  three  miles  north  of  the  City  of  Osh- 
kosh. 

A  description  and  figure  of  one  of  these  vessels  was  con- 
tributed by  the  author  to  the  July,  1902,  issue  of  the  Wisconsin 
Archeologist.      (Vol.  i,  No.  4,  pp.  98,  Fig.  5). 

It  is  as  follows : 

One,  a  small  bowl,  is  entire.  Dimensions  :  Height,  2^  inches ; 
diameter  at  the  widest  part,  4^  inches;  weight,  4^  ounces.  It 
is  devoid  of  ornamentation.  When  unearthed  it  contained  the 
valve  of  a  large  clam  shell.  The  other  vessel  is  of  a  fragmen- 
tary nature  but  includes  the  entire  rim  and  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  body.  It  was  larger  than  the  foregoing  and  is  ornament- 
ed on  that  portion  of  the  body  which  remains  with  small  circular 
indentations  and  short  oblong  incised  lines.  Both  pots  are  of  a 
reddish  color,  much  blackened  by  fire.  The  tempering  material 
is  shell. 

21.  Sunset  Point  Cemetery. — According  to  Hon.  James 
G.  Pickett  there  was  an  aboriginal  cemetery  located  at  Sunset 
point  on  the  north  shore,  at  the  lower  end  of  Big  Lake  Butte 
des  Morts.  A  large  quantity  of  human  bones  in  a  fair  state  of 
preservation  have  been  disinterred  at  this  place  at  different  times 
by  the  plow  and  scraper.  Most  of  the  graves  were  not  deeper 
than  i^  to  2  feet  below  the  surface.  So  far  as  can  be  learned 
only  iron  implements  have  been  found. 

2.2.  .Plummer's  Point  Mound. — On  the  property  of  Mr. 
Levi  Plummer  at  a  place  called  Plummer's  Point,  in  the  south- 
east quarter  of  section  30,  there  is  a  round  mound  about  25  feet 
in  diameter  and  now  about  30  inches  in  height. 

It  is  located  in  a  wood  about  80  rods  east  and  elevated  about 
25  feet  above  the  north  shore  of  the  Fox  river. 

City  of  Oshkosh. 

23.  OsHKOSH  Mound. — In  former  years  before  the  waters 
of  Lake  Winnebago  had  eroded  away  the  land  upon  which  it 
was  constructed,  there  was  situated  in  the  east  side  of  the  City 
of  Oshkosh  at  an  equal  distance  between  Washington  and  Merritt 
streets,  a  round  mound  measuring  8  feet  in  height  and  about  20 
feet  in  diameter.  It  was  located  upon  the  sloping  bank  at  a  height 
of  from  I  to  3  feet  above  the  level  of  the  water.  It  stood  close 
to  the  shore  in  1865  and  had  nearly  disappeared  by  1875.  There 
is  no  trace  of  it  remaining  at  the  present  time. 

I  am  unable  to  learn  of  its  ever  having  been  investigated. 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.  63 


To  Mr.  James  Nevitt  of  Oshkosh,  I  am  indebted  for  my  in- 
formation concerning  this  mound,  which  is  said  to  have  been  the 
only  one  in  the  city. 

24.  Otter  Street  Graves. — These  are  mentioned  by  Mr. 
George  H.  Randall,  city  engineer  of  Oshkosh,  in  a  communication 
dated  March  26,  1903,  and  directed  to  Mr.  Charles  E.  Brown. 
They  have  been  long  obliterated  and  no  further  information  is 
now  obtainable. 

Town  of  Algoma. 

25.  Stony  Beacpi  Mounds. — Hon.  James  G.  Pickett  re- 
members to  have  seen,  many  years  ago,  some  round  mounds  on 
the  farm  of  Mr.  William  Wright,  at  the  place  now  known  as 
Stony  Beach,  in  section  36,  about  i  mile  south  of  the  City  of 
Oshkosh.  They  Have  long  since  disappeared.  I  am  unable  to 
procure  any  further  particulars  in  regard  to  this  group. 

26.  Oak  WOOD  Mounds. — This  at  one  time  fine  group  of 
effigy  and  other  mounds  is  located  on  fractional  lot  8,  at  the  de- 
lightful summer  resort  called  Oakwood,  on  the  south  shore  of 
Big  Butte  des  Morts  lake.      (Fig.  6.) 

There  are  nine  mounds  in  this  group,  which  is  situated  on 
the  top  and  quite  close  to  the  edge  of  the  bank,  which  is  ele- 
vated from  14  to  16  feet  above  the  waters  of  the  lake. 

Formerly  they  may  have  been  further  inland  and  in  time  may 
be  destroyed  by  the  crumbling  of  the  bank,  unless  sooner  destroy- 
ed by  the  requirements  or  disregard  of  the  residents. 

At  present  the  tail  of  one  effigy  is  on  the  edge  of  the  bank 
and  the  wing  of  another  is  held  down  by  the  corner  of  a  house; 
and  all  have  been  sadly  defaced  by  the  constant  tread  of  careless 
feet. 

The  three  effigies  nearest  the  bank  are  mounds  of  the  so-called 
"panther  or  lizard"  type.  The  largest  of  these  is  134  feet  in 
length  and  the  smallest  92  feet  in  length.  Directly  in  the  rear 
of  this  last  is  a  crescent-shaped  mound.  Opposite  the  last  three 
of  these  and  separated  from  them  by  only  a  few  feet  are  three 
*'bird^'  mounds  of  a  peculiar  type. 

They  differ  from  other  bird  mounds  in  having  a  short  head, 
no  neck  and  a  short  and  wide  body.  The  largest  of  these  is  36  feet 
in  length  and  measures  75  feet  across  the  spread  of  the  wings. 

They  are  headed  in  much  the  same  general  direction  as  the 
other  effigies  and  the  leading  bird  appears  as  if  attempting  to 
head  off  the  second  panther.  . 


:;  •;  :'.  •••o 


/*'•• 


'-J. 


\:2 


*: 


3^  ^..^  .1 


^ 


OAKWOOD   MOUNDS. 

Fig.  6. 


LA  WSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.  65 

But  a  short  distance  in  advance  of  the  leading  effigy  there 
is  an  oval  double  enclosure  having  a  long  axis  of  99  and  a  short 
axis  of  63  feet. 

The  outer  wall  is  ten  feet  in  width  and  now  about  I  foot  in 
height. 

The  inner  enclosure  is  45  feet  in  length  and  is  separated  from 
the  outer  wall  by  a  distance  of  about  10  feet. 

At  the  rear  of  this  procession  of  effigies  there  is  an  oval  en- 
closure having  a  long  axis  of  102  feet  and  a  short  axis  of  30  feet. 
The  wall  is  10  feet  in  width  and  now  about  i  foot  in  height. 

There  was  in  former  years  an  aboriginal  cornfield  near  this 
place. 

2^.  Hammer  Mounds. — The  author  is  indebted  to  Hon. 
James  G.  Pickett  for  information  concerning  these  mounds  which 
are  located  on  a  tract  known  as  the  James  Hammer  place  in  sec- 
tion 7,  in  the  town  of  Algoma. 

They  are  about  2  miles  west  of  Oak  wood  and  about  one 
mile  south  of  Big  Lake  Butte  des  Morts.  The  group  consists 
of  four  round  mounds,  now  under  cultivation,  and  each  about 
30  feet  in  diameter  and  2  feet  in  height. 

There  was  an  aboriginal  cemetery  on  the  same  tract. 

Town  of  Black  Wolf. 

28.  Randall's  Point  Kitchens. — At  La  Belle  or  Ran- 
dall's point  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Winnebago,  in  fractional 
section  16,  on  land  now  owned  by  Mr.  E.  H.  Farnly,  there  are  still 
to  be  seen  several  circular  excavations  which  were  employed  as 
kitchens  or  dining  pits  by  the  aborigines  located  there. 

Acording  to  Mr.  George  A.  Randall,  who  was  born  at  this 
place  and  formerly  owned  the  property,  two  of  these  pits  are 
located  on  the  top  of  a  bank  elevated  about  15  feet  above  the 
water. 

They  are  about  20  feet  apart  and  so  close  to  the  shore  that 
they  have  escaped  obliteration  through  cultivation. 

These  excavations  were  originally  7  or  8  feet  in  diameter  and 
3  feet  in  depth  at  the  center,  with  sloping  sides. 

It  was  related  to  Mr.  Randall  by  his  mother  and  his  uncle, 
Mr.  E.  M.  Harney,  the  author  of  the  ''History  of  Winnebago 
County,"  that  these  pits  were  "eating  holes"  and  used  in  the 
following  manner: 

The  kettle  of  whole  fish,  birds,  meat  and  corn  was  boiled 
at  a  nearby  fire,  then  brought  into  the  pit  and  hung  upon  a 
cross-piece  supported  at  either  end  by  a  forked  upright. 


66     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

The  Indians,  old  and  young,  then  seated  themselves  in  the 
pit  and  each  in  turn  fished  out  with  his  fingers  his  portion  of 
the  dinner. 

Fish  bones  and  other  remains  of  these  dinners  are  still  to  be 
found  in  the  pits. 

29.  Randall's  Point  Cornfields. — According  to  Mr.  G. 
A.  Randall  there  were  in  former  years  many  acres  of  Indian 
cornhills  at  this  place. 

In  fact  the  whole  shore  line  of  the  town  of  Black  Wolf  for  a 
distance  of  seven  miles  south  of  this  place  formerly  exhibited 
abundant  traces  of  such  cultivation. 

30.  Black  Wolf  Point  Village  Site. — On  a  point  of 
land  now  known  as  Black  Wolf  point  (Sec.  21),  jutting  out 
into  Lake  Winnebago  at  a  distance  of  seven  miles  south  of  the 
city  of  Oshkosh,  there  was  formerly  located  a  Winnebago  Indian 
village  over  which  Black  Wolf,  a  Winnebago  war  chief,  presided. 
This  village  was  not  a  large  one,  as  it  is  said  to  have  numbered 
not  more  than  forty  huts.  The  date  of  its  establishment  here  is 
not  exactly  known,  but  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  about  the 
year  1800  or  slightly  before. 

Mrs.  G.  A.  Randall,  who  formerly  resided  at  Randall's 
point,  remembers  to  have  seen  the  Indian  tepees  and  campfires 
along  the  shore  of  Black  Wolf  point  as  late  as  the  year  1846. 

Chief  Black  Wolf  himself,  whose  Indian  name  was  "Shounk 
Tohunk  Slop,"  was  a  character  of  some  importance.  He  was 
a  large  man  and  much  respected  by  his  people. 

In  the  attacks  on  Mackinac  in  the  war  of  18 12,  he  fought 
under  the  leadership  of  Col.  Robert  Dickson,  the  British  agent. 

After  the  war,  the  British  still  seeking  to  hold  the  Winne- 
bagoes  in  their  interest  for  purposes  or  trade,  called  them  to 
Mackinac  to  a  council  or  treaty  with  Col.  Robert  McDonald,  the 
British  commissioner.  Black  Wolf  was  one  of  those  in  attend- 
ance at  this  gathering. 

He  also  participated  with  the  British  and  their  allies  in  the 
capture  of  Prairie  du  Chien  in  the  year  1814.  He  was  one  of 
the  signers  of  the  land  grant  negotiated  by  Eleazer  Williams  in 
1 82 1,  with  Four  Legs,  the  Winnebago  head  chief,  and  others,  by 
which  the  New  York  Indians  were  to  receive  a  strip  of  land  five 
miles  in  width  along  the  Lower  Fox,  "from  Grand  Kackalin 
Rapids  to  Winnebago  Rapids"  in  Winnebago  county. 

He  also  participated  in  the  councils  held  at  Green  Bay  and 
Doty  Island,  for  a  similar  purpose,  in  1830.  He  is  said  to  have 
died  at  Portage,  Wis.,  in  the  year    1847. 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.  67 

Augustin  Grignon,  in  his  ''Recollections,"  makes  the  follow- 
ing statement:  "My  half-brother,  Perrish  Grignon,  informed 
me,  that  he  had  seen  many  years  ago,  in  a  crevice  or  cavity  in  the 
rocky  shore  of  Lake  Winnebago,  some  six  or  eight  miles  south  of 
Oshkosh,  near  the  old  Indian  village  of  Black  Wolf,  a  large  num- 
ber of  skulls  and  human  remains.'* 

These  Mr.  Grignon  judges  to  be  those  of  some  of  the  wound- 
ed and  dying  Fox  Indians  who  were  buried  here  by  their  brothers 
fleeing  from  Little  Butte  des  Morts.  (Seventy-two  years  Recol- 
lections of  Wis. — 3rd  Ann.  Rept.  Wis.  Hist.  Soc.)  In  plowing 
on  the  mainland  at  the  base  of  the  point,  stone  and  iron  imple- 
ments have  been  found. 

31.  Long  Point  Bay  Cornfield. — On  the  shore  of  Long 
Point  bay.  Lake  Winnebago,  about  500  feet  inland,  in  the  south- 
eastern corner  of  this  town,  indications  of  an  aboriginal  cornfield 
probably  belonging  to  the  before  mentioned  village,  are  still  to 
be  seen.  (S.  E.  ^  of  Sec.  33.)  The  cornhills  are  about  5  acres 
in  extent. 

Grooved  stone  axes,  celts,  arrow  and  spear  points,  have  been 
gathered  from  the  neighboring  fields.  Indications  of  an  Indian 
burial  ptlace  have  also  been  found  here. 

32.  Manitou  Rock. — This  huge  granite  boulder,  the  largest 
glacial  rock  in  the  county,  is  located  on  the  property  of  Mr. 
Adolph  Freiberg  (Section  33)  at  the  water's  edge  on  the  shore 
of  Long  Point  bay.  It  is  a  prominent  landmark  in  a  district 
where  there  are  no  other  large  boulders,  and  is  the  subject  of  an 
interesting  tradition  or  legend.  It  is  rather  angular  in  shape 
and  measures  8  feet  across  the  top.  It  stands  5  feet  above  the 
ground  and  extends  at  least  as  many  feet  below  the  surf-'ce. 

On  its  top  are  two  seemingly  artificially  excavated  basins  cr 
depressions,  each  about  3  inches  in  depth  and  highly  polished, 
which  were  probably  used  as  "corn-mills"  by  the  aborigines  of  the 
neighborhood. 

Town  of  Nekimi. 

33.  Davis  Mound. — This  mound  is  located  on  the  farm  of 
the  Alvin  Davis  estate  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  the  northwest 
quarter  of  section  30. 

It  is  in  the  rear  and  about  50  feet  distant  from  the  Davis 
dwelling  and  is  about  12  feet  in  diameter  and  2  feet  in  height. 

The  owners  of  the  property  will  not  permit  it  to  be  dis- 
turbed. 


68     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2.  Nos.  2  and  3. 

Across  the  highway  on  E.  Bean's  farm  in  the  town  of  Utica, 
are  a  number  of  mounds  which  I  have  described  under  that  town. 
All  are  reported  by  Mr.  Pickett. 

Town  of  Winchester. 

34.  Richter's  Landing  Shell  Heaps. — On  the  property 
of  Mr.  Chas.  Richter  in  the  east  half  of  section  31,  about  one  mile 
east  of  Richter's  landing  on  Boom  bay,  there  are  according  to  the 
statement  of  Mr.  Clarence  Olen  of  Oshkosh,  a  number  of  large 
shell  heaps  and  indications  of  an  aboriginal  burying  ground 

Some  of  the  shel!  heaps  are  from  3  to  4  feet  in  height. 

Copper,  stone  and  shell  implements  and  fragments  of  pot- 
tery vessels  have  been  found  here  and  upon  the  adjoining  farms. 

In  a  communication  dated  May  4,  1903,  and  directed  to  Mr. 
A.  F.  Laue  of  Milwaukee,  Mr.  Richter  speaks  of  a  long  mound 
or  embankment  which  extends  from  his  cottage  at  Boom  bay  in 
the  Town  of  Wolf  River,  in  a  notheasterly  direction  to  the  prop- 
erty of  his  neighbor,  Mr.  Fred  Spiegelberg. 

In  making  some  excavations  upon  his  property,  Mr.  Richter 
and  Professor  Nott  of  Milwaukee  recently  unearthed  a  large 
number  of  human  bones  which  were  buried  there. 

35.  Clark's  Point  Mounds. — At  this  place  in  the  south- 
east quarter  of  section  33,  about  500  feet  east  of  the  east  shore  of 
Lake  Winneconne  and  elevated  about  35  feet  above  it,  there  is  a 
mound  resembling  the  so-called  "turtle'^  form. 

It  measures  63  feet  in  length  and  30  feet  across  its  widest 
part  at  the  limib-like  projections  near  the  head.  It  is  about  3 
feet  in  height. 

This  mound  has  been  dug  into  by  curiosity  seekers  and  its 
contour  somewhat  disturbed.  The  grove  in  which  it  is  located 
is  employed  as  a  picnic  ground. 

About  30  feet  northeast  of  this  mound  there  is  a  round 
mound  20  feet  in  diameter  and  about  2  feet  in  height.  It  has 
not  been  excavated. 

36.  Cross  Cornfield. — In  a  communication  addressed  to 
Mr.  Charles  E.  Brown  and  dated  April  17,  1903,  Hon.  James 
G.  Pickett  calls  attention  to  an  aboriginal  cornfield,  probably 
three  or  four  acres  in  extent,  formerly  located  in  a  black  oak 
grove  on  property  owned  by  Mr.  S.  J.  Cross,  in  the  west  half  of 
the  southwest  quarter  of  section  36. 

In  passing  this  place  several  years  ago,  Mr.  Pickett  noted 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.  69 

that  a  portion  of  the  tract  formerly  occupied  by  cornhills  had  been 
placed  under  cultivation. 

He  is  not  certain  but  that  the  property  may  have  changed 
hands  since. 

Town  of  Winneconne. 

37.  PiACENZA  Shell  Heaps. — There  were  formerly  lo- 
cated near  this  place  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  fractional  sec- 
tion 4,  according  to  Mr.  Clarence  Olen  of  Oshkosh,  a  number 
of  shel'l  heaps. 

I  have  visited  the  site  but  could  find  only  a  few  scattered 
shells,  the  property  having  since  been  put  under  cultivation. 

Arrow  and  spear  points,  'bone  awls  and  pottery  fragments 
have  been  collected  here. 

38.  PiACENZA  Kame  Burials. — In  removing  gravel  from 
a  pit  located  about  ^  of  a  mile  east  of  the  last  mentioned  site 
two  or  three  skeletons  have  been  disinterred.  It  is  highly  prob- 
able that  others  may  yet  be  found  there. 

39.  Lasley  Village  Site. — This  has  been  described  by 
the  author  in  the  Oshkosh  Daily  Northwestern  of  January  7, 
1899,  ^^^  ^^so  in  the  October,  .1902,  issue  of  the  Wisconsin  Arch- 
eollogist.   (Vol.  2,  No.  i.) 

The  site  is  located  on  the  192  acre  tract  of  land  owned  and  oc- 
cupied by  Mr.  R.  Lasley,  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  section 
10,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Winneconne,  about  one  mile 
north  of  the  village  of  Winneconne. 

This  village  site,  which  begins  at  the  low  eastern  shore  of  the 
lake,  rises  gradually  until  at  its  farthest  limit,  about  one-third  of 
a  mile  beyond,  it  reaches  an  elevation  of  about  25  feet  above  the 
lake  level.  Scattered  all  along  up  this  gentle  wooded  slope,  are  shell 
heaps  at  distances  varying  from  a  few  to  as  much  as  300  feet 
apart.  Some  of  them  were  probably  not  more  than  20  feet  in 
length  and  10  feet  in  width.  Their  disposition  is  not  such  as  to 
indicate  that  there  was  any  particular  plan  of  arrangement. 

There  are  eighteen  shell  heaps  upon  the  property,  the  greater 
number  of  which,  being  located  in  the  woods,  are  still  in  a  good 
state  of  preservation.  Those  nearest  the  lake  shore  have  been 
levelled  by  the  plow  and  the  materials  scattered.  They  are  general- 
ly long  and  narrow  in  shape  and  from  18  to  30  inches  in  height. 
One  of  the  largest  measures  126  feet  in  length  and  15  feet  in 
width  and  another  of  about  the  same  general  dimensions  has  an 
elbow  projecting  at  a  rigiit  angle  from  one  end  and  terminating  in 


70     WISCONSIN  ARCHHOLOGIST.  Vol.  2.  Nos.  2  and  3. 

a  Stone  heap  4  feet  in  diameter.  They  are  constructed  of  about 
equal  proportions  of  sand  and  shells  and  are  now  overgrown  with 
trees  and  brush.  Some  of  the  trees  are  of  large  size  and  girth. 
The  shells  are  now  generally  quite  badly  weathered  and  de- 
composed and  the  most  of  them  crumble  so  very  easily  that 
it  is  only  with  difficulty  that  good  specimens  can  be  secured. 
From  an  examination  of  these,  it  has  been  possible  to  recognize 
at  least  four  distinct  species  including  Quadrula  pustulosa,  Lea., 
Quadrula  undulata,  Barnes.,  Unio  rectus,  Lam.,  and  Lampsilis 
ligamentinus,  Lam.,  all  of  which  are  quite  common  in  the  neigh- 
boring lakes  and  streams.  It  is  highly  probable  that  upon  these 
refuse  heaps  were  formerly  located  the  lodges  or  habitations  to 
which  these  mussels  and  fish  and  game  were  taken  to  be  pre- 
pared and  eaten. 

In  the  rather  limited  exploration  of  these  works  which  owing 
to  the  superstition  of  the.  owners  it  has  been  possible  to  make, 
there  have  been  collected  a  number  of  bone  implements  and 
decorated  bones,  four  ivory  implements,  two  socketed  copper 
spearpoints,  and  fragments  of  pottery  vessels.  Among  the  lat- 
ter, are  some  showing  the  impressions  of  a  fine,  closely  woven, 
grass  fabric.  Almost  every  part  of  this  property  exhibits  abund- 
ant evidences  of  aboriginal  occupation.  About  15  acres  of  it  are 
covered  with  the  long,  regular  corn  rows  of  the  aborigines.  Near 
at  hand,  are  also  to  be  seen  hundreds  of  stone  heaps  of  various 
sizes,  and  a  considerable  number  of  apparently  artificial  depres- 
sions, each  about  3  feet  in  diameter  and  8  inches  in  depth,  which 
may  have  served  as  bake  holes  or  for  the  threshing  of  wild  rice 
after  the  custom  of  some  of  the  local  tribes,  as  related  by  Gov- 
ernor J.  D.  Doty. 

40.  Ball  Prairie  Mounds. — These  mounds  are  noted  in  a 
letter  addressed  by  Hon.  James  G.  Pickett  to  Mr.  Charles  E. 
Brown  (Apl.  17,  1903)  of  which  the  following  is  an  extract: 

"I  think  it  was  on  the  east  half  of  the  southeast  quarter 
of  section  i  in  the  town  of  Winneconne,  and  on  property  probab- 
ly now  owned  by  F.  G.  or  J.  Cross,  that  there  were  located  at  an 
early  day  several  quite  prominent  mounds. 

A  beautiful  little  prairie  called  'Ball  Prairie'  and  by  which 
the  locality  is  still  known,  then  covered  a  part  of  these  lands. 

In  the  spring  of  1900,  in  passing  along  the  north  and  south 
road,  I  noticed  two  of  the  mounds  still  remaining  in  a  field  of 
grain  about  50  rods  back  from  the  west  side  of  the  road.  There 
may  have  been  other  mounds  in  that  vicinitv." 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.  71 

41.  Big  Butte  de:s  Morts. — This  supposed  mound  is 
described  by  Dr.  I.  A.  Lapham  in  his  "Antiquities  of  Wisconsin" 
(pp.  63)  as  follows:  **Just  before  the  Neenah  (Fox)  river 
enters  Lake  Winnebago  it  expands  into  a  broad  sheet  of  water 
called  the  Great  Butte  des  Morts  lake.  Near  the  head  of  this  lake 
is  the  mound  from  which  its  name  is  derived,  on  the  north  or 
left  bank  of  the  river.  This  is  the  site  of  the  conflict  of  the 
Chippewas  and  French  against  the  Sauk  and  Fox  bands,  but  I 
can  find  no  authority  for  the  belief  that  the  tumulus  was  raised  for 
covering  the  bodies  of  the  slain." 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  Dr.  Lapham's  description  refers 
to  the  natural  elevation  upon  which  the  present  village  of  Butte 
des  Morts  is  located,  since  oyery  attempt  on  the  part  of  myself 
and  others  to  locate  such  a  tumulus  any  where  along  the  river 
has  failed.  Even  Dr.  Lapham  appears  to  have  believed  the  ele- 
vation to  be  of  natural  origin. 

In  the  digging  of  cellars  and  gardens  and  the  making  of 
streets  at  this  place  a  large  number  of  shallow  graves  have  been 
opened  and  found  to  contain  human  bones  and  implements.  . 

There  is  a  great  deal  of  assumed  history  about  this  elevation 
which  the  student  of  antiquities  will  do  well  to  avoid. 

There  were,  however,  in  this  village  when  Hon.  James  G. 
Pickett  first  visited  the  locality  in  the  year  1848,  in  a  district  now 
occupied  by  dwellings  and  streets,  an  oblong  embankment  about 
150  feet  in  length  and  20  feet  in  width  and  5  feet  in  height;  and 
near  it  several  small  circular  mounds.  All  of  these  could  be  seen 
from  the  river.     Some  traces  of  the  oblong  mound  still  remain. 

Town  of  Omro* 

42.  Omro  Village  Site. — According  to  Mr.  T.  R.  Fowler 
of  Omro,  abundant  indications  of  the  former  location  of  an  abor- 
iginal village  site  and  burial  place  have  been  found  upon  a  tract 
of  land  owned  by  Mrs.  Catherine  Dunn,  in  the  northwest  quarter 
of  section  18,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Fox  river  near  the  village 
of  Omro. 

From  this  tract  a  large  number  of  stone  and  copper  imple- 
ments, potsherds  and  human  bones  have  been  collected. 

Upon  the  farm  of  Mr.  C.  E.  King  in  the  same  quarter  section 
indications  of  an  Indian  cornfield  were  still  to  be  seen  several 
years  ago.  There  were  to  be  observed  at  that  time  four  parallel 
rows  of  hills,  extending  in  an  east  and  west  direction  and  each 
about  two  rods  in  length.  The  hills  were  from  8  to  10  inches 
in  height. 


72     WISCONSIN  A.RCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

43.  Bayou  Village  Site. — Mr.  Fowler  also  reports  the 
location  of  a  village  site  and  indications  of  extensive  aboriginal 
cornfields  upon  an  elevation  on  the  J.  S.  Bennetts  place,  near 
the  Fox  river,  in  section  17. 

The  site  is  bounded  on  its  west  and  south  sides  by  a  bayou. 

44.  Kame  Burials. — In  a  communication  addressed  to  Mr. 
Chas.  E.  Brown,  dated  Mar.  2,  1902,  Hon.  James  G.  Pickett  calls 
attention  to  the  fact  that  many  skeletons  and  some  implements 
have  been  disinterred  at  different  times  in  working  the  gravel 
pit  of  the  Cook  &  Brown  Lime  Company  located  about  two  miles 
west  of  the  Hammer  place. 

Town  of  Utica. 

45.  ''Spread  Eagle''  and  ''Alligator"  Mounds. — These 
are  described  by  Dr.  Increase  A.  Lapham  in  his  "Antiquities  of 
Wisconsin."   (pp.  63). 

''Near  a  small  stream,  called  Eight-mile  creek,  in  the  town 
of  Utica  on  the  land  of  Mr.  E.  B.  Fiske  (northwest  quarter  of 
section  fourteen,  township  seventeen,  range  fifteen)  is  a  mound 
called  the  Spread  Eagle  (see  Plate  XLI,  No.  3).  It  is  of  small 
dimensions,  the  whole  length  being  only  forty-six  feet. 

"There  are  two  oblong  embankments  in  the  vicinity;  and  the 
house  is  built  upon  another  called  the  Alligator,  but  its  form 
could  not  be  traced  at  the  time  of  our  visit.     (1851). 

"Mr.  Pickett,  who  has  carefully  investigated  this  record  for 
the  author,  says,  "I  am  satisfied  that  no  such  mounds  ever  ex- 
isted here.  Mr.  Fiske  is  no  longer  living,  but  Mr.  E.  B.  Ransom, 
who  has  resided  on  the  adjoining  farm  since  Mr.  Fiske  located 
his  house  here  in  1846,  has  never  heard  of  them." 

46.  Hunter  Mounds. — One  forty  acre  piece  of  land  belong- 
ing to  Mr.  J.  L.  Hunter  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  the  southeast 
quarter  of  section  20  consists  of  prairie  land  which  slopes  gently 
northward  to  the  O.  F.  Miller  farm  across  the  highway. 

"In  1846,"  writes  Mr.  Pickett,  "these  lands  were  in  a  state 
of  nature.  Extending  diagonally  nearly  across  both  of  these  forties 
for  a  distance  of  120  rods  in  a  southwesterly  direction,  was  a  row 
of  about  thirty  round  mounds,  each  about  20  feet  in  diameter  and 
2  feet  in  height. 

Approaching  this  line  of  mounds  at  right  angles  from  section 
21,  to  the  east,  was  a  long  tapering  mound.  Its  near  extremity 
came  to  within  250  feet  of  the  line  of  mounds  and  extended 
back  in  a  northeasterly  direction  for  a  distance  of  400  feet  over 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County.  Wisconsin.  73 

Mr.  L.  S.  Hunter  and  Mr.  J.  Roberts'  land  in  section  21,  and  was 
cut  in  twain  by  the  highway  between  the  farms. 

It  was  two  feet  in  height  and  12  feet  in.  width  at  the  extremity 
nearest  the  mounds  and  gradually  decreased  in  width  until  it  dis- 
appeared in  the  surrounding  soil." 

47.  Pickett  Mound. — This  mound  is  located  in  the  south- 
west quarter  of  section  20. 

Mr.  Pickett  reports  that  it  is  located  near  the  apex  of  a  hill 
about  100  feet  in  elevation,  the  highest  land  in  the  vicinity  and 
overlooking  the   country   for   miles   in   every   direction. 

A  road  which  ascends  the  hill  winds  past  the  mound.  It  is 
oval  in  shape,  3  feet  in  height,  30  feet  in  length  and*  15  feet  in 
width.     It  has  not  been  investigated. 

48.  Beans  Mounds. — These  mounds  are  located  on  the 
E,  Beans'  property  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  the  northeast  quar- 
ter of  section  25,  a  few  rods  south  of  the  road  which  crosses  the 
land.  There  are  two  or  three  cjuite  prominent  mounds  in  this 
group,  located  on  land  which  has  undergone  but  little  cultivation. 

They  were  originally  about  6  feet  in  height.  When  Mr.  Pick- 
ett visited  the  locality  about  three  years  ago  they  were  still  about 
4  feet  in  height. 

49.  Thada  Mounds. — Mr.  Pickett  has  kindly  reported  the 
existence  of  this  group  of  tumuli  to  me. 

They  are  located  on  a  farm  now  occupied  by  Mr.  John  Thada 
in  the  northeast  quarter  of  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  19, 
about  one  mile  east  of  the  shore  of  Rush  lake.  There  are  four 
or  five  round  mounds  in  the  group,  each  about  10  or  12  feet  in 
diameter  and  at  the  present  time  not  more  than  one  foot  in  ele- 
vation. They  are  situated  on  rather  low,  but  ordinarily  dry 
g^round,  still  covered  with  timber.     Thev  have  not  been  disturbed. 


t> 


Town  of  Wolf  River. 

50,  TuSTiN  Mounds. — These  mounds  are  located  in  the 
northwest  quarter  of  section  31,  about  ^/^  oi  a.  mile  north  of  Lake 
Poygan  and  Yj  mile  east  of  and  across  the  county  line  from  the 
village  of  Tustin  in  Waushara  county. 

The  group,  which  must  have  been  at  one  time  an  imposing 
one,  comparing  favorably  with  any  in  the  county,  consists  of  a 
total  of  16  circular  and  effigy  mounds  following  a  general  north- 
east course.  It  is  located  on  land  elevated  about  15  feet  above 
the  lake. 


74     WISCONSIN  ARCHBOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

Although  these  works  have  been  under  cultivation  for  many 
years  they  are  still  sufficiently  prominent  in  the  fields  to  attract 
attention.  The  exact  outlines  of  the  effigies,  which  appear  to  have 
represented  bird,  turtle  and  other  animal  forms,  are  no  longer 
obtainable. 

They  vary  in  size  from  30  to  200  feet  in  length  and  some  of 
them  are  still  4  feet  in  height.  Some  of  the  round  mounds  have 
been  disturbed  by  "relic  hunters,"  but  no  regular  exploration  has 
ever  been  made.  Implements  of  clay,  stone  and  copper  have  been 
found  quite  abundantly  in  this  vicinity.  Every  trace  of  an  abor- 
iginal cornfield  formerly  located  near  the  mounds,  has  now  van- 
ished. 

Town  of  Poygan, 

51.  PoYGAN  Village  Site. — Soon  after  Governor  Henry 
Dodge's  treaty  at  the  Cedars,  opposite  Kimberly  in  Outagamie 
county,  with  the  Menomonee  Indians  in  1836,  by  which  large  tracts 
of  their  lands  were  purchased,  they  were  settled  on  the  south  shore 
of  Lake  Poygan.  There  were  then  700  or  more  Indians  in  the 
tribe  and  their  tepees  were  scattered  along  the  lake  shore  in  small 
groups  for  a  distance  of  six  miles  or  more  in  the  town  of  Poygan 
and  into  the  town  of  Winneconne. 

Traces  of  their  cornfields  and  burial  grounds  are  still  to  be 
seen  in  several  places  in  this  district. 

They  remained  here  for  twenty  years,  or  until  1856,  when 
they  were  removed  to  their  present  reservation  near  Shawano, 
Shawano  county,   Wis. 

Town  of  Rtishford. 

52.  Lapone's  Village  Site. — About  the  year  1836  and  for 
some  years  later  there  was  a  Menomonee  Indian  village  of  *'\Vau- 
kau"  located  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Fox  river  opposite  the 
old  village  of  Delhi. 

According  to  Hon.  H.  H.  G.  Bradt  of  Eureka  this  village  was 
still  in  existence  at  this  point  when  he  settled  in  the  town  of  Rush- 
ford  in  1849. 

The  chief  at  that  time  was  called  "Lapone,"  an  excellent 
Indian. 

The  village  consisted  of  a  dozen  cabins  and  about  thirty  peo- 
ple. 

Traces  of  their  corn  hills  and  burying  ground  may  still  be 
seen. 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  WinaebaKO  Connt^,  Wisconsin.  75 

53.  Delhi  Mounds. — This  group  of  six  mounds  is  located 
in  section  23,  on  an  open  prairie  elevated  about  10  feet  above  the 
Fox  river,  near  the  village  of  Delhi. 

The  first  mound  is  about  90  rods  south  of  the  river.  It  was 
formerly  6  feet  in  height  and  70  feet  in  diameter.  In  1849  M^* 
H.  G.  Elliott  built  his  residence  upon  it,  excavating  into  the  mound 
for  his  cellar.  It  is  said  that  no  discoveries  of  any  consequence 
were  made  during  the  digging. 

The  site  is  now  occupied  by  a  barn. 

About  180  feet  south  of  the  last  there  is  a  second  mound 
measuring  3  feet  in  height  and  45  feet  in  diameter.  This  mound 
has  never  been  investigated. 

The  third  mound  is  abofit  420  feet  south  of  the  former.  It 
was  formerly  60  feet  in  diameter  and  6  feet  in  height.  Mr.  Louis 
La  Borde,  a  pioneer,  built  his  house  upon  this  mound. 

In  digging  his  cellar  he  disinterred  human  and  animal  bones. 

At  a  distance  of  about  420  feet  south  of  the  third  is  a  fourth 
mound  which  was  formerly  used  as  a  graveyard  by  the  La  Borde 
family.     This  mound  is  75  feet  in  diameter  and  6  feet  in  height. 

The  fifth  mound  is  about  460  feet  west  of  the  last.  It  is  8 
feet  in  height  and  75  feet  in  diameter.  In  1846  this  mound  was 
employed  by  Mr.  Luke  La  Borde  as  a  root  cellar. 

Mr.  La  Borde  told  my  informant,  Mr.  H.  H.  G.  Bradt,  that 
near  its  bottom  he  found  a  bed  of  charcoal  and  "a.  large  mass 
of  copper."  Mr.  Bradt  recollects  meeting  Governor  J.  D.  Doty 
at  the  La  Borde's  in  1849.  When  told  of  this  find  the  Governor 
remarked :  *'We  are  in  a  country,  with  a  great,  but  I  fear  an  un- 
fathomable history.*' 

The  last  mound  in  the  group  is  situated  in  a  cultivated  field 
at  a  distance  of  750  feet  southeast  of  the  fourth  mound.  It  is 
84  feet  in  diameter  and  8  feet  in  height. 

All  of  these  mounds  are  constructed  of  clay  and  mold  of 
the  same  nature  as  the  surrounding  soil. 

54.  Eureka  Mound. — The  author  is  indebted  to  Hon.  H. 
H.  G.  Bradt  of  Eureka  for  mformation  concerning  a  round 
mound  which  formerly  stood  on  the  edge  of  the  public  highway 
in  that  village  and  which  has  long  since  disappeared. 

Of  its  exact  size  or  contents  nothing  can  be  learned. 

There  was  also  an  aboriginal  burying-ground  near  this  vil- 
lage in  former  years.  In  a  search  for  mounds  made  in  November, 
1902,  Mr.  Bradt,  who  is  a  careful  observer,  was  unable  to  locate 
any  other  works  than  those  here  described  from  the  town  of 
Rush  ford. 


76     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 


Town  of  Nepeuskun. 

The  following  extract  from  a  letter  directed  by  Hon.  James 
G.  Pickett  to  Mr.  Chas.  E.  Brown,  dated  April  17,  1903,  will  as- 
sist the  reader  to  a  proper  understanding  of  the  antiquities  listed 
under  this  town.  He  says:  ''Agreeable  to  my  promise  I  have 
revisited  all  of  the  village  sites,  mounds  and  other  evidences  lo- 
cated on  the  east  side  of  Rush  lake  in  the  town  of  Nepeuskun. 

I  had  been  over  them  all  many  times  during  the  years  fol- 
lowing 1846.  The  mounds  were  then  quite  prominent  and  re- 
mained so  for  seven  or  eight  years  later,  when  those  who  had 
entered  the  land  began  its  clearing  and  cultivation. 

At  the  present  time  they  are  nearly  obliterated  and  their  exact 
locations  can  only  be  learned  through  the  assistance  of  the  old 
residents. 

Probably  no  section  of  the  state  was  in  prehistoric  time  more 
densely  populated  than  the  eastern  border  of  Rush  lake. 

In  fact  this  entire  shore  line  appears  to  have  been  one  con- 
tinuous village  site,  as  evidenced  by  the  numerous  mounds  and 
earthworks  and  the  hundreds  of  human  remains  exhumed  from 
them  or  turned  up  in  the  fields  by  the  plow.  Nowhere  in  the 
state  has  a  greater  harvest  of  aboriginal  implements  of  stone  and 
copper  been  obtained,  and  certainly  no  site  could  have  been  better 
chosen  for  the  location  of  an  aboriginal  village. 

The  locality  known  as  Dutchman's  island,  bounded  on  the 
west  by  the  lake  and  on  its  other  sides  by  great  peat  marshes,  was 
then  a  veritable  island,  containing  about  three  sections  of  firm 
ground.  The  lake  had  its  outlet  at  its  southern  extremity,  con- 
necting with  Green  Lake  and  the  Fox  river  instead  of  at  its  north- 
eastern side  as  now. 

The  waters  of  the  lake  were  from  4  to  6  feet  higher  than  at 
present,  thus  covering  the  great  marshes  and  making  it  fully  three 
times  its  present  size. 

The  evidence  of  this  change  is  shown  by  the  miles  of  ridges 
surrounding  the  marshes,  composed  of  gravel,  boulders,  shells 
and  the  debris  thrown  up  by  the  action  of  the  ice. 

The  island  was  only  approachable  by  boat  and  could  be 
easily  defended.  Wild  rice,  fish  and  waterfowl  were  very  abund- 
ant. These  natural  advantages  combined  to  make  the  locality  an 
ideal  dwelling  place." 

55.  Rush  Lake  Enclosure. — In  a  communication  dated 
April  II,  1903,  and  directed  to  Hon.  James  G.  Pickett,  Mr.  W.  H. 
Foote,  a  pioneer  resident  of  the  town  of  Nepeuskun,  gives  the 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin. 


77 


following  information  in  regard  to  an  enclosure  (Fig.  7)  for- 
merly located  on  the  property  of  his  father,  Mr.  E.  P.  Foote,  lo- 
cated at  the  head  of  Rush  lake  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  the 
southwest  quarter  of  section  11. 

"The  sides  of  the  square  were  about  4  rods  long,  3  to  4  feet 
high  and  3  to  4  feet  broad.  They  had  probably  once  been  some- 
what higher.  At  the  openings  at  each  corner  within  the  square 
were  round  mounds  of  earth. 

When  we  first  broke  up  the  land  for  cultivation  we  went 
around  it,  but  it  has  since  been  obliterated  by  successive  plowings." 

This  property  is  now  owned  by  Mr.  Will  Hall." 


11 

i  i 


HO 

^IIIIIIMIIIIIIII 


^^^ *''"'«^^     %,, 

IMlllllllllllMllllllMltlltlilvf 


Fig.  7. 


56.  Hall  Mounds. — These  were  located  on  the  north  shore 
of  Rush  lake,  on  the-  farm  of  Mr.  Will  Hall,  on  fractional  section 
14. 

The  first  of  these  tumuli  stands  at  a  distance  of  about  200 
feet  north  of  the  lake  shore  on  land  elevated  about  50  feet  above 
the  water.  It  was  constructed  of  rich  loam  similar  to  the  sur- 
rounding soil  and  was  30  feet  in  diameter  and  6  feet  in  height. 

This  mound  was  excavated  by  Mr.  Charles  Stever  of  Waukau 
and  the  following  description  is  drawn  from  notes  kindly  fur- 
nished me  by  him. 

Below  the  base  of  the  mound  on  a  hard  earthen  floor  and 
lying  in  a  general  north  and  south  direction,  the  head  toward 
the  north,  the  bones  of  a  human  skeleton  were  unearthed.  Near 
the  left  hip  bone  a  catlinite  platform  pipe  was  found.  The  bones 
were  in  a  poor  state  of  preservation  and  fell  to  pieces  when  their 


78     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2.  Nos.  2  and  3. 

removal  was  attempted.  Fragments  of  broken  pottery  were 
found  throug-hout  the  mound. 

At  a  distance  of  200  feet  west  of  this  mound  there  was  a 
second  of  the  same  material.  When  excavated  by  Mr.  Stever 
this  mound  was  found  to  contain  at  its  base  a  single  interment, 
the  grave  being  walled  in  on  either  side  by  a  double  row  of  round 
and  flat  boulders  probably  gathered  from  the  neighboring  fields. 
The  grave  lay  north  and  south  and  the  stone  walls  were  2  feet 
apart,  20  inches  in  height  and  6  feet  in  length.  There  was  no 
head  or  foot  or  top  or  bottom  stone.  Besides  the  very  much 
decomposed  bones  of  the  leg,  arm,  ribs  and  a  portion  of  the  skull 
there  were  taken  from  this  grave  a  number  of  animal  bones,  a 
turtle  shell,  clam  shells,  pottery  fragments  and  flint  chips.  Dis- 
tributed through  the  base  of  the  mound  was  a  large  quantity  of 
charcoal,  some  of  the  pieces  being  of  unusually  large  size. 

Both  of  these  mounds  are  about  3  feet  in  height  at  the  present 
time. 

They  have  been  under  cultivation  for  fifty  years.  Mr.  Will 
Hall  has  carted  a  number  of  wagon  loads  of  black  earth  from 
them. 

About  20  feet  to  the  west  of  this  mound  Mr.  Stever  located 
a  number  of  Indian  graves  from  which  he  took  six  human  crania, 
which  he  afterwards  reinterred  in  the  same  place.  The  bones 
were  well  preserved,  indicating  that  they  were  of  more  recent 
origin  than  the  mound  burials. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Foote  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Pickett  corroborates  the 
statements  made  by  Mr.  Stever,  but  adds  that  there  were  origin- 
ally three  mounds  in  the  group. 

57.  Outlet  Village  Site. — Up  to  as  late  as  the  year  1846 
there  was  according  to  Hon.  James  G.  Pickett,  a  Winnebago  vil- 
lage numbering  from  one  to  two  hundred  Indians,  located  about 
the  present  outlet  of  Rush  lake  near  the  center  of  section  13,  of 
this  town. 

The  cemetery  belonging  thereto  was  located  on  the  farm 
of  Mr.  David  Lewellyn  on  the  south  side  of  the  present  highway 
and  about  40  rods  east  of  the  outlet  bridge. 

In  a  communication  directed  to  the  author  and  dated  Novem- 
ber 30,  1902,  Mr.  Pickett  gives  the  following  interesting  descrip- 
tion of  the  burial  customs  practiced  here,  as  observed  by  him- 
self: 

"With  the  Winnebago  Indians  there  were  two  styles  of 
burial,  temporary  and  permanent.  A  person  dying  in  the  winter 
lime  when  the  earth  was  frozen  solid  was  wrapped  in  his  blanket 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  Cotrnty,  Wisconsin.  79 

and  usually  enclosed  in  a  roll  of  bark,  or  the  body  was  deposited 
in  the  smallest  canoe  at  hand  and  elevated  into  the  branches  of 
a  tree.  Sometimes  a  staging  was  built  between  two  trees  and 
firmly  secured,  and  the  remains  placed  upon  it.  They  were  left 
in  this  position  until  the  frost  had  left  the  ground  in  the  spring, 
when  the  permanent  grave  burial  occurred.  Not  having  proper 
digging  implements  a  shallow  grave  seldom  more  than  two  feet 
in  depth  and  slightly  rounded  over  with  earth  was  prepared  and 
the  body  placed  therein. 

A  small  forked  post  about  three  feet  in  height  was  set  in  the 
ground  at  each  end  of  the  grave.  These  posts  supported  a  ridge 
pole  against  which,  one  end  resting  on.  the  ground,  were  placed 
split  shakes  or  puncheons,  thits  forming  an  ''A"-shaped  enclosure 
over  the  grave  and  protecting  it  from  disturbance  by  wild 
animals. 

To  mark  the  grave  of  an  adult  male  a  peeled  post  about  8 
feet  high  and  painted  in  two  colors  was  set  in  the  ground  at  its 
head. 

If  the  deceased  was  a  man  of  note  his  white  dog  (if  he  owned 
one,  if  not,  one  was  found)  was  killed  and  hung  by  the  neck  to 
the  post. 

Such  graves  were  very  common  at  the  different  villages  of 
the  Winnebagoes  at  the  time  of  the  settlement  of  the  county  by 
the  whites. 

When  I  first  visited  the  village  site  above  described  in  the 
early  summer  of  1846,  I  think  that  there  were  to  be  seen  at  that 
place  as  many  as  fifty  graves  with  their  roof  coverings  in  various 
stages  of  dilapidation  and  decay,  as  well  as  several  recently 
made  and  with  the  dogs  suspended  from  the  painted  posts  at  their 
head.  I  believe  that  it  was  during  the  winter  of  1847  that  I  saw 
the  last  elevated  temporary  burial  at  this  place. 

In  exhuming  these  graves  the  only  articles  which  have  been 
brought  to  light  were  a  few  glass  beads,  a  childish  trinket,  a  rusty 
knife  or  some  similar  object. 

I  have,  however,  been  informed  by  the  Indians  that  when  a 
great  man  dies,  a  noted  chief,  or  one  who  has  in  Indian  ways  dis- 
tinguished himself,  his  most  valuable  belongings  were  buried  with 
him. 

If  he  owned  horses,  the  most  valuable  one  was  killed  on  the 
day  of  his  master's  death,  but  not  buried  with  him.  His  gun  was 
usually  interred  with  the  body,  so  that  with  his  horse,  dog  and 
gun  he  was  fully  equipped  for  business  in  the  new  field  to  which 
he  was  going." 


80     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

58.  Anklam  Point  Camp  Site. — Mr.  Pickett  states  that 
in  the  year  1846,  this  peninsula  located  in  the  northwest  quarter 
of  section  24  was  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  hard  maple. 

It  was  undoubtedly  a  favorite  camping  ground  of  the  In- 
dians, as  a  large  amount  of  pottery  fragments  are  still  scattered 
over  the  now  cultivated  land. 

59.  Eagle  Point  Mounds. — Upon  a  sharp  wedge  of  land 
locally  known  as  Eagle  point,  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  section 
26,  where  the  north  and  south  boundary  line  of  sections  25  and 
26  touches  the  shore  of  Rush  lake,  there  were  formerly  located 
according  to  Mr.  Reagan,  an  old  resident  of  the  neighborhood, 
one  or  two  small  round  mounds  and  a  number  of  Indian  graves. 

60.  Radke  Mounds. — Upon  the  property  of  Mr.  F.  Radke 
and  about  20  rods  east  of  the  shore  of  Rush  lake  (N.  W.  Y^.  sec. 
25)  there  was  formerly  located  a  group  of  some  seven  or  eight 
round  mounds. 

Mr.  Reagan,  who  recently  piloted  Mr.  Pickett  over  the  pro- 
perty, stated  that  when  he  first  noted  them  in  about  the  year  1857, 
before  the  land  was  cultivated,  they  were  from  18  to  20  feet  in  di- 
ameter and  not  more  than  three  feet  in  height. 

Although  nearly  obliterated  indications  of  five  of  these 
mounds  are  stidl  to  be  seen. 

61.  Dutchman's  Island  Group  No.  i. — "Gleason  Mounds." 
A  paper  treating  of  this  group  was  read  before  the  Lapham 
Archeological  Society  of  Milwaukee,  in  1878,  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Armstrong  of  Ripon.  Extracts  of  this  article  were  afterwards 
published  by  the  same  gentleman  in  the  U.  S.  Smithsonian  Re- 
port of  the  year  1879. 

"These  mounds,"  says  he,  "are  situated  on  the  southern  shore 
of  Rush  Lake,  on  land  belonging  to  Mr.  (J.)  Gleason  in  the  south- 
east quarter  of  the  southeast  quarter  of  section  27,  and  the  south- 
west quarter  of  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  26, and 

were  visited  by  a  party  of  students  from  Ripon  College,  May  12, 
1877. 

The  mounds,  sixteen  in  number,  are  ranged  in  an  irregular 
line  running  essentially  east  and  west,  about  20  rods  from  the 
shore  of  the  lake,  which  is  here  high  and  steep,  though  all  the  ad- 
jacent shores  are  low  and  marshy. 

The  mounds  are  in  what  is  now  a  wheatfield,  formerly  cov- 
ered with  timber,  an  oak  tree,  some  sixty  years  old,  having  been 
cut  from  the  summit  of  one  of  them.  All  of  these  mounds  are 
circular  in  form  varying  from  15  to  30  feet  in  diameter,  and  from 
2j^  to  5^/^  feet  in  height,  though  not  much  can  be  said  with  cer- 


LAWSON — Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.  81 

tainty  about  this  latter  dimension,  the  land  having  been  cultivated 
for  a  number  of  years,  and  the  mounds  plowed  down  as  much 
as  possible  every  year. 

We  selected  the  largest  and  most  conspicuous  mound  we 
could  find,  the  fourth  or  fifth  from  the  eastern  end  of  the  line,  and 
sank  a  trench  into  it. 

Each  shovelful!  of  soil  thrown  out  was  carefully  examined 
but  was  found  to  present  no  difference  in  appearance  from  that 
of  the  surrounding  field,  until  we  reached  a  depth  of  i8  inches, 
when  a  few  pieces  of  coarse  grained  charcoal  were  found.  The 
earth  now  began  to  show  the  action  of  heat,  it  being  harder  and 
of  a  reddish  hue,  until  at  a  depth  of  2  feet  and  6  inches  layers 
of  ashes  mixed  with  earth  brs^an  to  present  themselves.  These 
appearances  were  the  same  all  through  the  trench  on  the  same 
level,  being  only  seen  near  the  ends  of  it  as  if  separate  fires  had 
been  built.  These  apoearances  continued  until  we  reached  the 
depth  of  3  feet  and  9  inches,  the  ashes  meanwhile  growing  more 
Dlentiful,  when  we  found  charred  bones,  evidently  those  of  human 
beings,  mixed  with  earth  and  ashes.  A  few  inches  more  of  cal- 
cined earth  was  passed  and  then  we  struck  bones  in  earnest. 

Within  the  space  of  3  feet  square  we  uncovered  seven  skulls, 
mingled  with  the  various  long,  short  and  flat  bones  of  the  human 
body.  These,  unlike  those  in  the  upper  stratum,  did  not  show 
the  action  of  fire  in  the  least,  but  were  so  badly  decayed  that  we 
could  get  none  of  them  out  entire. 

The  bones  were  not  arranged  in  any  order  whatever;  no 
single  skeleton  even  could  be  traced  through  the  mass.  We  did 
not  uncover  all  of  the  bones  within  the  mound,  but,  finding  that 
none  of  them  could  be  taken  out  entire,  contented  ourselves  with 
disfgfing  through  the  layer  of  bones  and  earth,  which  was  4  inches 
thick,  to  the  hard  subsoil  underneath,  which  we  found  so  com- 
pact that  we  concluded  it  had  never  been  disturbed,  and  so  did 
not  go  deeper. 

A  careful  search  failed  to  bring  to  'light  any  ornaments  or 
implements  of  any  kind. 

We  now  abandoned  this  mound  and  selecting  two  nearer  the 
eastern  end  of  the  line,  which  in  size  were  most  unlike  the  first 
and  unlike  each  other,  proceeded  to  sink  trenches  into  them. 

In  the  lareer  of  these  at  the  depth  of  4  feet,  human  bones 
were  found,  which  were  much  better  preserved  than  those  in  the 
first  mound  ooened.  though  they  showed  the  same  lack  of  ar- 
rangement and  dearth  of  ornaments  and  implements. 

Fewer  ashes  were  found  in  this  mound  and  no  charcoal  or 
burnt  bone, 


82     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST,  Vol.  2,  Noa.  2  and  3. 

In  the  third  mound,  at  the  depth  of  2yi  feet,  a  skeleton  was 
found,  lying  with  its  head  toward  the  west. 

This  was  in  so  good  a  state  of  preservation  that  many  of  the 
more  heavy  and  solid  bones  could  be  taken  out ;  this  skull,  like  all 
the  others,  could  not  be  gotten  out  except  in  small  pieces. 

This  was  the  only  mound  of  the  three  into  which  we  dug,  in 
which  a  skeleton  could  be  traced,  and  even  in  this  the  bones  were 
somewhat  crowded  together,  the  skeleton  not  lying  extended  at 
full  length,  and  also  somewhat  mixed  up  with  others,  though  I 
think  fewer  bones  had  been  buried  in  this  mound  than  in  any 
of  the  others. 

I  would  mention  that  the  second  and  third  mounds  were  much 
smaller  than  the  first. 

We  were  inclined  to  think  that  the  dry  bones  were  gathered 
together — those  in  the  larger  mounds  first  and  in  the  smaller 
ones  afterward,  and  placed  in  loose  piles  on  the  ground  and  the 
earth  heaped  over  them  until  the  mounds  were  formed. 

It  also  seemed  from  the  ashes  and  charred  bones  near  the 
surface  that  the  larger  mounds  had  been  used  for  sacrifices  or 
feasts. 

Professor  (A.  H.)  Sabin.  Mr.  (Everett)  Martin  and  I  after- 
ward made  an  investigation  of  another  of  these  Gleason  mounds. 

This  one  was  situated  near  the  center  of  the  group;  is  30 
feet  in  diameter  and  3^  feet  hierh.  Like  the  others  it  contained 
nothing  but  bones,  was  built  of  the  same  material  and  had  its 
full  share  of  ashes  and  charcoal.  But  unlike  the  others,  an  oval 
T>it  18  inches  deep,  8  feet  long  and  5  feet  wide,  its  m'ajor  axis 
lying  in  a  general  northwest  and  southeast  direction.  In  this 
case  some  arrangement  was  apparent,  the  bones  of  the  lower 
extremities  beinsf,  as  a  rule,  near  the  center  of  the  pit,  and  those 
of  the  trunk  and  upper  extremities,  ranged  around  the  sides." 

In  a  letter  directed  to  Mr.  Charles  E.  Brown  dated  March 
2,  190.'^,  Mr.  Pickett,  who  first  visited  these  mounds  in  the  fall 
of  1 846,  gives  the  following  additional  information  in  regard 
to  them :  "If  I  remember  correctlv  there  were  some  twelve  or  fif- 
teen mounds  in  the  group  located  in  a  direct  line  nearly  parallel 
to  and  about  20  rods  distant  from  the  lake  shore.  The  land  was 
then  overgrown  with  white  and  burr  oak  timber. 

The  mounds  were  elveated  about  12  feet  above  the  lake 
level,  and  were  about  20  feet  in  diameter  and  from  4  to  6  feet 

high. 

In  1894  with  the  assistance  of  my  hired  man,  I  Investigated 
one  of  the  largest  of  these  mounds.  This  is  probably  the  one 
referred  to  by  Mr.  W.   C.   Mills  in  his  communication  in  the 


LAWSON—Stimmary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.  83 

Archeologist  of  February,  1895.  T  do  not  know  from  what  paper 
his  extract  was  taken.  It  is  in  some  respects  inaccurate.  In  exca- 
vating this  mound  we  found  at  a  depth  of  about  a  foot  below  its 
base  the  skeletons  of  seven  persons,  lying  upon  their  faces  with 
arms  extended  above  the  head,  the  bodies  radiating  from  the 
center  in  a  circle  like  the  spokes  of  a  wagon  wheel. 

All  of  the  bones  were  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation.  No 
implements  other  than  a  couple  of  arrow  points  were  found. 
Evidently  the  burials  were  made  at  one  time  and  the  mound 
erected  over  them." 

Two  of  the  crania  secured  were  sent  to  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam 
at  the  Peabody  Institute  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  at  his  request. 
Another  remains  in  Mr.  Picfet's  possession. 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  C.  E.  Brown,  Mr.  Pickett  again  visited 
this  locality  in  April  of  the  present  year  and  found  that  all  but  five 
of  them  had  been  entirely  obliterated.  He  concludes  that  a 
village  of  considerable  proportions  must  have  been  at  one  time 
located  here  and  in  the  vicinity,  since  probably  but  few  similar 
sections  of  land  in  the  state  have  produced  such  a  large  num- 
ber of  stone  and  copper  instruments.  All  of  the  mounds  have 
been  found  to  contain  human  remains. 

62.  Dutchman's  Island  Group  No.  2. — These  mounds 
which  were  described  by  Mr.  Thomas  Armstrong  of  Ripon,  Wis., 
in  an  article  entitled  "Mounds  in  Winnebago  County,"  appearing 
in  the  U.  S.  Smithsonian  Report  of  1879  (PP-  335"39)  were  lo- 
cated on  the  property  of  a  Mr.  M.  Hintz  in  the  southwest  quarter 
of  the  northeast  quarter  of  Section  34.  The  following  are  extracts 
from  his  description : 

"They  are  situated  about  10  rods  from  the  shore  of  Rush 
lake,  60  feet  back  from  the  edge  of  a  steep  bank,  which  undoubt- 
edly at  one  time  formed  the  shore  of  the  lake,  whose  waters  have 
now  receded,  and  are  every  year  becoming  more  and  more  shal- 
low, and  giving  place  to  marsh. 

•■'...  These  mounds  were  originally  covered  with  a 
heavy  growth  of  oaks,  which  have  been  cleared  off  within  the  last 
ten  years,  and  the  land  cultivated.  Some  stumps  of  trees  remained 
on  them  until  last  summer. 

"The  mounds  are  in  a  group  of  which  No.  i  is  isolated,  and 
Nos.  2,  3  and  4  are  in  line,  the  nearest  about  100  feet  from  No.  i. 

"Nos.  I  and  4  are  about  15  feet  in  diameter,  and  2>^  feet 
high ;  No.  2,  56  by  42  feet  and  3^  feet  high ;  No.  3,  30  by  40  feet 
and  3^/2  feet  high  ;  Nos.  2  and  3  are  75  feet  apart.  A  quadrilateral 
ridge,  indistinct  in  some  places  but  quite  prominent  enough  to  be 


84     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

easily  recognized,  and  having  on  it  several  small  mounds  at  regu- 
lar intervals,  passes  through  Nos.  i  and  2.  The  mounds  2,  3  and 
4  are  the  only  ones  which  are  distinct  and  striking. 

"The  shape  of  all  was  once  circular,  or  nearly  so,  but  it  has 
long  since  been  changed  to  oval  by  long  cultivation. 

"All  except  No.  2  are  composed  of  the  same  sort  of  material 
as  the  ordinary  surface  soil  of  the  surrounding  fields,  and  these 
fields  are  undoubtedly  the  source  whence  it  was  derived.  No 
ditches  or  hollows  from  which  such  a  quantity  of  earth  could  have 
been  taken  are  now  to  be  seen  in  the  vicinity,  and  it  must  therefore 
have  been  scraped  uniformly  from  the  surface.     .... 

"No.  2,  however,  is  of  a  different  material,  having  in  its  cen- 
ter a  stone-heap  covered  with  the  same  sort  of  earth  as  the  others. 
This  is  the  largest  mound  on  Rush  lake  and  is  peculiar  in  this  re- 
gard, for  in  most  other  mounds  not  even  a  pebble  could  be  found, 
and  in  none  were  there  rocks  of  any  size;  but  here  was  a  conical 
pile  of  boulders  such  as  the  farmer  to-day  hauls  off  his  fields, 
built  in  the  exact  center  of  the  mound,  and  reaching  to  within  a 
few  inches  of  the  surface. 

"We  explored  the  four  mounds.  In  Nos.  i  and  4  we  found 
nothing,  but  in  2  and  3  human  remains  were  plentiful  enough, 
and  a  quantity  of  these  in  a  tolerably  good  state  of  preservation 
we  were  able  to  obtain. 

''  .  .  .  No.  2  as  I  have  said  is  a  conical  stone  pile,  built 
of  boulders  weighing  from  5  to  100  pounds  and  perhaps  fifty  in 
number. 

"Underneath  this  stone  pile  and  somewhat  mingled  with  its 
lower  layer,  was  a  large  quantity  of  ashes  and  charcoal,  and  also 
human  remains ;  most  distinct  among  them  was  the  skeleton  of  a 
full  grown  man  of  ordinary  size,  his  thigh  bone  measuring  17 
inches,  lying  in  a  doubled-up  position,  with  his  head  toward  the 
west,  and  near  it  the  remains  of  three  or  more  other  human  beings. 

"The  bones  were  in  a  poor  condition,  but  by  care  two  skulls 
and  several  long  bones  were  saved.  These  were  all  found  at  a 
depth  of  3  feet  and  6  inches." 

Mr.  Armstrong  also  examined  mound  No.  3  and  at  a  depth 
of  2  feet  a  few  small  and  much  broken  pieces  of  pottery,  made  of 
a  reddish  clay  mixed  with  fine  particles  of  broken  stone,  a  small 
flint  chip  and  a  piece  of  red  chalk  or  soft  chalklike  stone. 

"At  a  depth  of  3  feet  were  found  a  confused  mass  of  human 
bones  of  which  a  number  in  tolerably  good  condition,  including 
several  skulls,  were  saved. 

"In  no  case  did  a  skeleton  seem  to  have  been  placed  in  the 
mound  entire.     The  bones  of  twenty-five  to  thirty-five  individuals 


LA.WSON— Summary  of  the  Archeology  of  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.  85 

had  evidently  been  gathered  in  a  heap  on  the  original  turf  and  the 
mound  raised  over  them, 

"It  is  evident  that  no  pit  had  been  dug  to  receive  them.     .     . 

'That  these  were  not  the  remains  of  warriors  slain  in  battle  is 
evident  from  the  number  of  bones  of  children  found  in  the 
mounds. 

"No  other  bones  than  those  of  human  beings  were  found, 
nor  did  any  of  them  bear  marks  of  fire,  though  ashes  and  char- 
coal occurred  in  a  layer  about  6  inches  above  the  remains." 

Mr.  Armstrong  was  accompanied  on  this  expedition  by  Prof. 
A.  H.  Sabin  and  Mr.  Everett  Martin,  both  of  Ripon,  Wis. 

Mr.  James  G.  Pickett  who  visited  this  locality  in  April,  1902, 
for  the  purpose  of  collecting  additional  data,  states  that  these 
mounds  are  now  entirely  obliterated. 

According  to  his  report  Mr.  Hintz  corroborates  the  early 
description  of  Mr.  Thomas  Armstrong  of  Ripon  and  states  that 
when  his  father  purchased  the  land  these  mounds  were  from  2  to 
6  feet  in  height.  Human  remains  have  been  found  in  all  of  them, 
and  many  implements  have  been  collected  from  the  surrounding 
fields. 

Field  Work. 

We  trust  that  during  the  present  season  that  those  of  our 
brother  members  who  are  not  already  engaged  upon  such  re- 
searches, will  find  it  convenient  to  acquaint  themselves  with  the 
exact  location,  number,  extent,  history  and  character  of  the 
burial  and  effigy  mounds,  enclosures,  village,  quarry  and  work- 
shop sites,  trails,  caches,  cornfields,  shell-heaps,  gravel-pit  and 
trench  burials,  and  other  antiquities  in  their  several  counties,  and 
report  the  same. 

It  is  manifestly  of  the  greatest  importance  that  such  re- 
searches should  be  made  as  soon  as  possible  and  that  all  results, 
whether  they  consist  of  notes,  plans,  maps,  photographs  or  mater- 
ials, should  be  carefully  collected  and  forwarded  to  the  Society. 
Now  that  a  deeper  interest  is  being  taken  in  Wisconsin's  pre-his- 
tory,  it  may  be  possible  through  the  vigilance  of  our  members  to 
preserve  local  evidences,  at  least  until  surveys  and  explorations 
can  be  made  by  the  Society.  All  who  participate  in  this  work 
will  be  given  full  credit  therefor  in  future  publications. 

On  application  to  the  Secretary  the  Society  will  be  pleased 
to  furnish  to  the  members,  lists  of  the  antiquities  already  described 
from  their  several  districts,  together  with  full  directions  for  prop- 
erly conducting  such  researches. 

ROLLAND  L.   P0RTER_, 

Chairman,  Committee  on  Surz'ey  and  Exploration. 


TRIANGULAR  STONE  ADZE.S. 

W.  H.  Ellsworth  Collection. 
Figs.  1  and  2. 


The  Wisconsin  Archeqlogist 

A  QUARTBRLY   BULLBTIN   PUBLISHED  BY  THE  WISCONSIN   ARCHBOLOGICAL   SOCIETY, 

Vol.  2.  MILWAUKEE,  VIS.,  JULY,  J903.  No.  4. 


Proceedings  of  the  Wisconsin  Archcologfical  Society,  May  t,  to 

July  J3,  J903* 

Milwaukee,  May  1,  1903. 

XLV  Monthly  Session.  President  Henry  A.  Crosby  conducted  the 
meeting.     There  were  95  members   and  visitors   in  attendance. 

The  Secretary  announced  the  flection  of  the  following  persons  to 
membership:  J,  P.  Schumacher  and  F,  J.  B.  Duchateau  of  Green  Bay,  H. 
M.  Jaycox  of  Oregon,  G.  F.  Melcher  of  Woodland,  W.  H.  Roach  of  Arena, 
Fred.  Monicki  of  Sheboygan,  and  H.  Schellin  and  G.  E.  Copeland  of 
Milwaukee. 

A  communication  from  Hen.  P.  V.  Lawson  of  Menasha,  suggesting 
that  the  Society  contribute  a  library  of  standard  archeological  works  to 
the  Wisconsin  Traveling  Libraries  Commission  was  read  and  referred  to 
the  Executive  Board  for  action. 

Many  persons  in  the  smaller  towns  and  villages  of  the  state  had  no 
present  means  of  acquiring  or  adding  to  their  small  knowledge  of  Ameri- 
can prehistory,  and  a  small  but  well  selected  library  properly  circulated, 
would  prove  a  boon  to  them  and  others  and  greatly  assist  in  increasing 
the  present  interest  in  Wi;^consin  antiquities. 

Mr.  Crosby  spoke  briefly  of  the  purpose  of  the  Society  in  acquiring 
collections  of  local  and  foreign  prehistoric  stone  and  other  implements. 

He  hoped  that  in  the  near  future  something  might  be  accomplished  in 
the  way  of  providing  representative  collections  to  be  loaned  or  donated 
to  Wisconsin  educational  institutions.  Were  there  sufficient  funds  at  the 
Society's  disposal  something  might  already  be  accomplished  in  this  di- 
rection. 

For  many  years  the  Wisconsin  archeological  field  has  been  a  prey  to  the 
commercial  collector  and  the  dealer  in  "Indian  relics"  until  at  the  present 
time  many  of  her  most  priceless  treasures  instead  of  enriching  the  cabi- 
nets of  local  schools,  colleges  and  libraries,  have  been  spirited  away  to 
distant  parts  of  the  country  where  they  are  now  inacce&sible  to  Wis- 
consin people. 

He  deemed  it  quite  as  necessary  that  these  interesting  artifacts  or  at 
least  a  goodly  per  cent,  of  them  be  kept  at  home  as  it  was  that  Wiscon- 
sin mounds  should  be  preserved. 

Some  means  must  be  found  to  at  least  in  a  measure  prevent  the 
present  jobbing  of  collections.  It  gave  him  great  pleasure  to  note  that 
there  were  in  the  Society  a  considerable  number  of  members  who  regarded 
their  cabinets  from  the  educational  rather  than  the  commercial  stand- 
point.    He  hoped  that  this  idea  would  grow. 

These  sentiments  were  ably  seconded  by  other  members  present. 

The  program  of  the  session  consisted  of  an  address  by  Dr.  Stephen 
D.  Peet,  the  well  known  archeologist  and  editor  of  the  American  Anti- 
quarian, on  the  subject  of  "Wisconsin  Tribes  and  Totems."  This  learned 
presentation  of  the  speaker's  well  known  theories  in  regard  to  the  origin 


88     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  No.  4. 


and  significance  of  Wisconsin  mound  systems  was  listened  to  with  wrapt 
attention  by  the  large  number  of  members  and  visitors  present. 

During  the  course  of  his  address  the  speaker  exhibited  a  large  num- 
ber of  views  and  diagrams  of  Wisconsin  mounds,  among  them  being 
illustrations  of  the  more  important  groups  located  at  Big  Bend,  Wau- 
kesha, Madison,,  Baraboo,  Muscoda,  Beloit,  and  elsewhere  in  the  state. 
In  concluding  he  highly  complimented  the  Society  upon  the  result  of  its 
labors  and  wished  that  in  its  efforts  to  revive  the  interest  in  local  an- 
tiquities/ it  might  receive  the  support  of  the  educated  people  of  the 
state. 

At  the  close  of  the  meeting  the  following  exhibits  were  made: 

Mr.  A.  J,  Barry  of  Ivlontello,  water  color  sketches  of  the  copper  im- 
plements in  his  cabinet. 

Mr.  F.  Mueller  of  Princeton,  a  small  stone  vessel. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Eikey,  a  choice  assortment  of  stone  pipes,  pendants,  gor- 
gets, and  shuttle-shaped  ceremonials. 

Mr.  John  Evans,  several  large  flint  knives  and  spear  points. 

Mr.    W.    H.    Ellsworth,    a   grooved   stone    axe. 

Milwaukee,  June  5,   1903. 

XLVI  Monthly  Session.  Thirty-five  members  in  attendance.  Mr. 
"Henry  A.  Crosby  opened  the  meeting.  The  election  of  the  following  new 
members  was  reported:  Chas.  R.  Henderson  of  Mayville,  E.  J.  Labube 
•of  Neosho,  J.  H.  Rupiper  of  Depere,  F.  R.  Fowler  of  Omro,  Chas.  Stever 
of  Waukau,  Dr.  Louis  Lotz  of  Milwaukee,  and  N.  H.  C.  Taylor  of  Pine- 
ville,  Mo. 

The  Secretary  announced  the  appointment  by  the  Executive  Board  at 
its  meeting  on  May  11th,  of  working  committees  for  the  ensuing  year. 

They  were  as  follows: 

Survey  and  Exploration. — Rolland  L.  Porter,  J,  G.  Pickett,  S.  D. 
Mitchell,  F.  M.  Benedict,  H.  H.  Willard,  L.  S.  Drew,  P.  0.  Griste,  A. 
Wenz. 

Membership. — James  G.  Albright,  W.  H.  Elkey,  0.  J.  Habheggar,  G. 
W.  Wolflf,  O.  L.  HoUister,  H.  M.  Jaycox,  Elnora  C.  Folkmar. 

Records. — A.  F.  Laue,  C.  A.  Koubeck,  M.  E.  Morrissy,  Julia  A. 
Lapham. 

Historical. — Robert  Wild,  Mary  J.  Lapham,  D.  Harlowe. 

Pres. — John  G.  Gregory,  Clarence  Ellsworth,  H.  E.  Haferkorn. 

The  appointment  of  an  Education  Committee  was  deferred  until  the 
September  session  of  the  Society.  The  Board  requested  that  those  of 
our  members  receiving  these  appointments  would  do  their  utmost  to 
forward  the  interests  of  the  organization  by  faithfully  performing  the 
several  duties  to  which  they  had  been  assigned.  It  also  asked  the  assist- 
ance of  every  member  of  the  Society  in  co-operating  with  the  committees. 

A  copy  of  the  appeal  for  membership  just  issued  by  Chairman  James 
G.  Albright  of  that  committee  and  adopted  by  the  Board,  was  read  and 
exhibited. 

This  is  an  artistic  four-page  folder,  illustrated  with  several  well 
selected  cuts  of  Wisconsin  mounds  and  implements  and  reflects  particular 
credit  upon  its  author.  It  appeals  to  the  interest  and  patriotism  of  every 
citizen  of  our  state.  Arrangements  for  its  circulation  have  already  been 
made. 

President   Crosby   announced   with   regret   the    accidental    destruction 


PROCEEDINGS.  89 


by  the  park  force  on  May  15  of  one  of  the  three  mounds  located  in  the 
State  Fair  Park  at  West  Allis,  which  it  had  been  regularly  agreed  to 
co-operate  with  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  in  preserving.  He  pro- 
duced a  letter  from  Secretary  John  M.  True  of  th€>  State  Board,  re- 
gretting the  circumstance  and  suggesting  that  the  obliteration  of  this 
mound  must  have  been  due  to  some  misunderstanding  on  the  part  of  the 
superintendent  or  the  laborers  under  his  care.  The  Board  itself  had  not 
altered  its  original  intention  of  co-operating  with  the  Wisconsin  Society 
in  the  deserving  protection  of  these  works. 

As  expressive  of  the  growing  sentiment  in  favor  of  the  preservation 
of  these  memorials  of  the  past  it  must  afTord  the  members  of  the  Society 
considerable  satisfaction,  said  President  Crosby,  to  note  the  storm  of 
angry  comment  and  criticism  which  this  deplorable  incident  had  called 
forth  from  persons  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  The  protection  of  the  re- 
maining mounds  would  no  doubt  be  secured  and  possibly  hastened  thereby. 

Mrs.  Elnora  C.  Folkmar  calle"?!  attention  to  the  action  of  the  Second 
Congressional  District  Convention  of  the  State  Federation  of  Woman's 
Clubs  at  its  Lake  Mills  meeting  on  May  27,  in  appointing  a  committee 
to  arouse  interest  in  the  preservation  of  local  antiquities  among  the 
women's  clubs  of  the  state.  She  felt  that  the  Society  would  welcome  the 
interest  and  co-operation  of  the  women  and  hoped  that  they  might  carry 
their  intentions  to  a  successful  end. 

She  also  offered  some  valuable  suggestions  in  regard  to  the  nature 
and  best  means  of  acquiring  the  library  of  archeological  and  historical 
literature  which  it  is  intended  to  present  to  the  Wisconsin  Free  Library 
Commission  for  circulation  among  the  people  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Crosby  announced  that  a  number  of  donations  toward  the  forma- 
tion of  this  travelling  library  had  already  been  received  and  others  prom- 
ised, 

Vice-President  West  spoko  interestingly  of  the  results  obtained  in  the 
past,  in  the  study  and  investigation  of  Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy,  himself  and  others, 
of  Racine  County  mounds.  During  the  present  season  he  hoped  to  be  able 
to  devote  considerable  time  to  the  assembling  of  additional  archeological 
data  in  Racine  and  Kenosha  Counties  with  the  intention  of  preparing  for 
publication  in  the  near  future  a  summary  of  the  antiquities  of  those 
districts. 

(Mr.  West's  ripe  experience  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  local  archeol- 
ogy' leads  us  to  expect  that  this  will  prove  a  most  valuable  contribution.) 

Dr.  Joseph  Quinn  gave  an  account  of  the  investigation  by  himself  dur- 
ing several  seasons  past  of  an  aboriginal  village  site  located  immediately 
west  of  Lakeside  on  the  north  shore  of  Pewaukee  Lake,  in  Waukesha 
County.  From  this  place  he  had  already  assembled  a  large  and  interest- 
ing collection  of  flint  flakes,  rejects,  implements  and  potsherds. 

During  the  present  summer  he  hoped  to  continue  his  researches  at  that 
place  and  to  undertake  similar  investigations  at  other  points  along  the 
lake. 

Mr.  Lee  R.  Whitney  called  attention  to  the  meritorious  work  done  by 
Mr.  Merrick  H.  Drown  of  Delafield  in  listing  and  platting  Dodge  County 
antiquities.  He  read  an  article  by  Mr.  Drown  briefly  describing  mounds  and 
mound  groups  located  in  the  vicinity  of  Beaver  bam,  Burnett  Junction, 
Watertown,  Mayville,  Hustisford  and  Horicon  in  that  county.  In  investi- 
gating these  the  contributor  had  been  assisted  by  the  veteran  archeologist, 
Dr.  Stephen  D.  Peet. 

Mr.  Charles  E.  Brown  exhibited  a  field  map  and  notes  prepared  by 
Mr.  S.  D.  Mitchell  of  Ripon  locating  the  mounds,  cornfields,  trails,  village 


90     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  No.  4. 

sites  and  caches,  etc.,  in  the  town  of  Brooklyn,  in  Green  Lake  County.  Mr. 
Mitchell,  he  stated,  had  long  ago  proven  himself  one  of  the  Society's  most 
helpful  members.  He  hoped  that  others  now  occupied  only  with  the  mak- 
ing of  collections  would  bestir  themselves  in  forwarding  the  Society's  in- 
terests in  their  own  districts. 

He  also  gave  an  outline  of  the  work  designed  for  the  various  field  sur- 
veys to  be  conducted  in  several  parts  of  the  state  during  the  present  sum- 
mer season. 

All  indications  were  that  the  Society  would  have  a  larger  number  of 
competent  workers  in  the  field  in  all  sections  of  the  state  than  ever  before. 

Mr.  VV.  H.  Ellsworth  presented  a  diagram  of  an  interesting  earthen 
inclosure  and  mounds  located  in  the  vicinity  of  Cedarburg  in  Ozaukee 
County. 

At  the  close  of  the  session  exhibits  were  made  by  Dr.  Quinn,  Mr.  W.  H. 
Vogel,  Mr.  C.  A.  Koubeck,  Mr.  G.  A.  West  and  other  members  present. 

Milwaukee,  July  13,   1903. 

Executive   Board    Session. 

Directors  West,  Crosby,  Ellsworth,  Whitney  and  Brown  in  attendance. 
The  following  named  gentlemen  were  regularly  admitted  to  active  mem- 
bership: Prof.  Lindsay  Webb  and  Mr.  Oscar  Altpeter  of  Milwaukee,  Mr. 
R.  C.  Green  of  Albion]^  Mr.  C.  Lecomte  of  Green  Bay,  Mr.  A.  H.  Porter 
of  Spooner,  Mr.  Joseph  Bremmer  of  Muscoda,  Mr.  D.  E.  Roberts  of  Green 
Bay,  Mr.  P.  A.  Seifert  of  Richland  City,  Mr.  Geo.  W.  Pease  of  Lynxville, 
W.  J.  Boehme  of  Cedarbur^,  Prof.  A.  R.  Clifton  of  Lancaster,  Mr.  Z.  L. 
Wellman-  of  Stoughton,  Mr.  "Emil  Sehenck  of  Deerfield,  and  Mr.  W.  E.  Sny- 
der of  Beaver  Dam. 

Hon.  John  Johnston  of  Milwaukee  was  elected  a  patron  of  the  Society 
and  the  distinguished  archeologist,  Mr.  Clarence  B,  Moore  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Sciences,  an  honorary  member. 

Communications  of  interest  to  the  society  received  from  Hon.  J.  M. 
True  of  Madison,  Prof.  T.  H.  Lewis  of  St.  Paul,  Mr.  D.  L.  Cross  of  Benton- 
ville.  Ark.,  Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith,  Dr.  Warren  K.  Moorehead,  Mr.  F.  R. 
Fowler  of  Omro,  Mr.  Carl  Martz  of  Brodhead,  Mr.  W.  P.  Clarke  of  Milton 
and  others  were  read. 

From  Mr.  W.  W.  Oilman  of  Boscobel  had  been  received  valuable  data 
in  regard  to  Grant  and  Richland  County  antiquities  recently  collected  by 
himself,  and  Mr.  P.  A.  Seifert  had  presented  a  plat  of  an  interesting  group 
of  mounds  located  at  Richland  City  in  Richland  County. 

The  Secretary  also  reported  on  the  progress  of  the  work  in  many 
counties.  A  large  number  of  letters  received  from  various  members  and 
interested  persons  promising  assistance  to  the  Society  in  collecting  data 
and  similar  work  were  being  received. 

It  was  decided  to  dispatch  a  surveying  party  to  the  town  of  New 
Berlin  in  Waukesha  County  for  the  purpose  of  locating  unrecorded  mounds 
and  other  antiquities.  •  The  first  expedition  to  Ozaukee  County  was  also 
planned  for. 

The  generous  gift  to  the  Society  by  Hon.  Clarence  B.  Moore  of  Phila- 
delphia of  a  number  of  volumes  of  his  archeological  works  was  suitably 
acknowledged. 

The  Secretary  also  announced  the  death  of  Dr.  Fisk  H.  Day  of  Lansing, 
Mich.,  a  charter  member  of  the  society. 


CROSBY— The  Triangular  stone  Adze.  91 

The  Triangular  Stone  Adze* 

Among  the  several  interesting  and  well  established  classes  of 
aboriginal  pecked  stone  implements  which  it  may  be  claimed  with 
more  or  less  truth  are  especially  characteristic  of  Wisconsin 
archeological  districts  may  be  mentioned  the  so-called  triangular 
stone  adzes. 

So  far  as  the  author  has  been  able  to  ascertain  no  description 
of  these  implements,  of  which  a  considerable  number  have  been 
collected  from  local  camp  and  village  sites  and  are  at  present 
contained  in  Wisconsin  cabinets,  has  yet  appeared  in  any  of  the 
numerous  works  and  periodicals  devoted  to  North  American 
archeology.  There  is  some  doubt  in  the  author's  mind  whether 
Mr.  Gerard  Fowke  was  acquainted  with  this  type.  Certainly  his 
discription  of  adze-form  celts  can  hardly  be  construed  to  include 
it.  (Stone  Art.  pp.  79-80.)  Curiously  enough  Dr.  Warren  K. 
Moorehead  has  also  omitted  to  mention  them  in  his  late  work, 
''Prehistoric  Implements."  This  being  the  case  a  general  descrip- 
tion of  the  type  is  given  herewith. 

They  are  of  a  general  elongated  elliptical  shape,  one  extrem- 
ity narrowing  to  and  terminating  in  a  pronounced  blunted 
point  and  the  other  in  a  somewhat  broadly  rounded  fairly  sharp 
cutting  edge.  .  The  most  noticeable  feature  of  these  im- 
plements is  the  generally  well  curving  central  ridge  which  tra- 
verses the  top  or  back  from  the  narrow  pointed  extremity  to 
within  several  inches  of  the  cutting  edge. 

From  the  termination  of  the  ridge  the  surface  slopes  or 
bevels  off  quite  broadly  to  the  cutting  edge.  The  pecked  surfaces 
on  either  side  of  the  ridge  are  slightly  rounded  or  near  flat  and 
slope  away  quite  sharply  to  the  edges  of  the  base  on  either  side, 
thus  giving  the  more  or  less  pronounced  triangular  transverse 
section  from  which  the  implement  takes  its  name. 

Less  labor  appears  to  have  been  expended  upon  the  flat 
sometimes  curving  or  arching  bases  of  these  adzes.  The  surface 
is  generally  rough  with  the  exception  of  a  slight  concavity  or 
polished  plane  surface  extending  back  from  the  cutting  edge  for 
a  distance  of  from  i^  to  three  inches. 

These  adzes  vary  in  length  from  6  to  18  inches.  The  aver- 
age length  however  appears  to  be  somewhat  less  than  one  foot 
and  the  extreme  width  about  2^4  inches. 

The  specimen  illustrated  in  our  frontispiece  is  the  property 
of  Mr.  W.  H.  Ellsworth  of  Milwaukee. 

Figure  i  was  obtained  at  Elkhart  lake  in  Sheboygan  county. 
It  is  1 134  inches  in  length.     The  extreme  height  is  2  inches  and 


92     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  No.  4. 

the  extreme  width  of  the  base  i>^  inches.  The  material  is  prob- 
ably diabase.     It  weighs  i^  pounds. 

The  implement  represented  in  Figure  2  presents  a  slight 
modification  of  the  usual  type.  The  ridge  on  the  back  is  smooth 
and  broadly  flattened,  y2  inch  wide  at  the  middle  and  broadens 
out  rapidly  at  either  extremity.  The  cutting  edge  is  in  good  con- 
dition, the  opposite  extremity  being  somewhat  blunted  and  slight- 
ly fractured.     The  sides  are  roughly  smoothed. 

This  specimen  measures  8^  inches  in  length  and  is  i>4 
inches  high  and  wide  at  the  middle.  It  weighs  about  1^4  pounds. 
The  material  is  diorite.     Locality:  Kilbourn,  Columbia  county. 

In  the  Milwaukee  Public  Museum  there  is  a  specimen  13 
inches  in  length,  23/^  inches  in  height  near  the  middle  and  2^ 
inches  in  width  near  the  cutting  edge,  which  is  fractured  and 
dulled  through  hard  usage.  The  ridge  along  its  front  is  slightly 
rounded  and  about  ^  of  an  inch  in  breadth.  The  material  ap- 
pears to  be  a  compact  grayish  sandstone.  It  weighs  about  5 
pounds.     The  locality  is  Racine  county. 

In  the  W.  H.  Elkey  collection  at  Milwaukee  there  are  three 
examples.  The  first  of  these  is  7  inches  in  length  with  an  ex- 
treme height  of  134  inches  and  an  extreme  width  of  2^  inches. 
It  weighs  i^  pounds.  The  material  is  a  grayish  diabase.  It 
comes  from  Viroqua,  Vernon  county.  The  second  specimen  is 
chipped  from  dark  grayish  flint  and  is  about  9}^  inches  in  length. 
The  cutting  edge  both  above  and  below  is  much  polished  through 
use.  Locality,  Wood  county.  The  larger  adze  of  the  three  was 
obtained  at  Sherman,  Sheboygan  county.  It  is  about  one  foot 
in  length  and  weighs  nearly  2  pounds.  The  material  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  first  specimen. 

A  large  specimen  in  the  F.  M.  Benedict  collection  at  Waupaca 
is  14^'^  inches  in  length  and  1%  inches  in  height  at  the  middle. 
When  found  it  was  broken  in  two  near  the  pointed  extremity. 
Weight :  2  pounds.     Locality,   Black  Creek,  Outagamie  county. 

A  fine  example  measuring  18  inches  in  length  was  collected 
from  an  aboriginal  village  site  on  the  banks  of  the  Wisconsin 
river  near  Richland  City,  Richland  county,  by  Mr.  Paul  A.  Sei- 
fert.  A  second  specimen  9  inches  in  length  was  afterward  found 
by  the  same  gentleman  in  his  garden  at  Richland  City.  Both  of 
these  have  since  passed  into  other  hands. 

There  are  distributed  through  the  state  in  the  smaller  col- 
lections and  in  the  hands  of  the  original  finders  a  considerable 
number  of  these  implements. 

The  stone  adze  was  essentially  a  wood  working  implement 


MOOREHEAD — Commercial  ts.  Scientific  Collecting.  93 

and  probably  played  a  useful  and  important  part  in  the  hewing 
out  of  dugouts  and  for  other  similar  purposes.  It  appears  to 
bear  a  sort  of  general  resemblance  to  some  of  the  large  ridged 
copper  chisels  which  our  state  has  produced. 

The  weight  of  some  of  the  larger  examples  would  appear  to 
preclude  the  possibility  of  their  having  been  held  in  the  hand  dur- 
ing such  operations,  nevertheless  it  must  be  conceded  that  in  the 
hafting  of  an  implement  of  this  type  in  such  a  way  as  to  prevent 
its  slipping,  some  slight  difficulty  must  have  been  experienced. 

Henry  A.  Crosby. 


Commerdal  vs^  Scientific  Collecting:. 

The  wise  man  collects  for  his  own  pleasure.  His  expendi- 
tures, his  trips  to  favorite  localities  that  he  may  personally  roam 
over  freshly  ploughed  fields,  his  hours  spent  in  arranging  his 
cabinet  during  winter  evenings  are  all  labors  born  of  love. 

Not  so  the  commercial  collector.  This  person  cares  not  for 
the  attractiveness  of  his  surroundings.  Neither  the  songs  of  the 
birds  nor  the  freshness  of  advancing  spring  appeal  to  him.  If  he 
be  out  in  August  he  heeds  not  the  broad  acres  heavy  with  frag- 
rant clover.  Nature  is  nothing  to  such  a  person.  He  does  not 
hunt,  he  cannot  fish.  Too  lazy  to  work,  he  ekes  out  a  miserable 
existence  by  selling  the  "relics"  of  a  vanished  people  to  such  as 
may  buy.  I  know  a  score  of  these  men.  They  render  the  life  of 
curators  miserable  by  their  frequent  requests — ''buy  this"  or  ''let 
me  sell  you  that." 

Speaking  of  vandals,  no  state  has  suffered  more  at  the  hands 
of  reckless,  careless  mound  diggers  than  Arkansas,  and  especially 
the  "pottery  belt"  of  that  state.  The  fine  clay  vessels  found  in 
considerable  numbers  are  highly  prized  by  wealthy  collectors. 
Four  or  five  adventurers,  trappers  and  men  who  have  a  superfi- 
cial education  and  no  regard  for  science,  have  carried  on  explora- 
tions in  the  past.  A  number  of  large  collections  have  been  made, 
and  perhaps  twelve  or  fifteen  thousand  pieces  of  pottery  are  now 
in  museums,  in  the  hands  of  collectors  and  otherwise  scattered 
throughout  the  country  as  a  result  of  their  labors.  No  notes, 
drazanngs  or  photographs  accompamy  the  specimens.  No  reports 
have  been  puhlished.  One  simply  sees  the  long  rozvs  of  'Spots''  on 
the  shelves  and  a  general  label  ''From  Mounds  in  Arkansas/'  ac- 
companying the  exhibit.  Future  generations  will  have  only  these 
vessels  to  study,  and  our  knowledge  of  prehistoric  life  in  Arkan- 
sas zvill  be  more  scanty  than  that  of  any  other  region  of  the  coun- 
try. 


94     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  No.  4. 

The  honest,  intelligent  and  careful  collector  is  a  worthy  per- 
son and  one  to  be  commended.  He  knows  his  region  and  takes 
satisfaction  in  that  knowledge.  He  places  no  fictitious  value  on 
his  cabinet.  That  there  is  no  such  thing  as  an  arbitrary  value  on 
a  pipe,  tube  or  jar  he  is  azvare.  He  wishes  to  have  his  cahi}i£t 
preser^jed,  not  scattered,  and  when  he  dies,  it  will  he  of  real  value 
to  future  generations. 

There  is  no  greater  fallacy  among  collectors  at  the  present 
day  than  this — specimens  have  a  monetary  value.  I  could  name 
several  men  who  have  abandoned  fairly  remunerative  pursuits 
and  become  dealers.  Not  one  of  them  has  made  a  success.  They 
have  ransacked  the  graves,  mounds  and  cliff-houses,  dragged 
forth  the  humble  arts  of  simple  aborigines  long  sijice  dead  and 
sold  them  for  a  few  paltry  dollars.  The  destruction  of  archeologi- 
cal  testimony  ztrought  by  these  vandals  is  something  beyond  com- 
pute. 

And  yet  no  one  can  blame  a  collector  for  selling  his  exhibit 
when  he  is  through  with  it.  But  he  should  have  in  mind  its 
preservation.  Duplicates  may  be  spared  from  a  collection,  but 
to  sell  all  the  poor  objects  and  keep  only  the  fine  injures  the  cab- 
inet. 

No  museum  needs  more  single  specimens,  or  "pretty  and 
perfect  relics  or  objects  just  to  show  'art  forms.'  "  The  museums 
are  full  of  axes,  celts,  pipes,  banner  stones,  discoidals,  hematites, 
tubes,  slate  ornaments  and  ceremonials,  pestles,  hammers,  etc. 
What  the  museums  need  (as  of  great  value  to  archeologic  sci- 
ence) are  collections  from  a  special  section,  including  everything 
found  in  that  locality.  They  zvant  the  finds  of  the  village  site, 
the  studies  in  unfinished  specimens,  the  poor  and  the  good,  the 
imperfect  as  well  cls  the  perfect.  In  this  regard  the  collectors 
make  a  great  error.  Most  of  them  do  not  save  everything,  but 
cling  to  the  "pretty  relics"  and  discard  the  rough  and  the  rude. 
Personally,  I  would  give  more  for  a  collection,  provided  it  con- 
tained all  the  finds  of  a  certain  valley,  than  for  just  the  fine, 
perfect  objects  of  that  valley.  From  a  collection  of  the  latter  I 
would  be  misled,  for,  if  I  accepted  it  as  indicative  of  the  status  of 
culture  of  the  people  of  that  valley,  I  would  say  that  they  made 
most  beautiful  works  of  aboriginal  art,  nothing  rude  or  unfin- 
ished being  turned  out  by  their  artisans.  In  such  a  statement  I 
would  be  unpardonably  wrong. 

Correspondents  frequently  ask  this  question:  What  are 
specimens  worth?  They  have  no  real  value.  They  are  worth 
to  a  museum  just  what  the  buyer  and  seller  agree  upon.     The 


LAWSON — The  Occurrence  of  Obsidian  Implements  in  Wisconsin.  95 

catalogues  of  dealers  give  not  only  fictitious  values,  but  no  mu- 
seum recognizes  them. 

The  cash  values  should  be  discouraged.  They  are  incentives 
to  fraud  arid  conducive  of  destruction  of  monuments.  As  an 
instance  of  the  latter,  I  know  a  man  who  enjoyed  a  fair  salary  as 
a  revenue  officer  in  Tennessee,  had  a  small  collection  containing 
pottery,  effigy  pipes,  etc.  He  sold  this  for  a  sum — to  him  large. 
Immediately  he  abandoned  his  occupation  and  became  active  in 
the  destruction  of  mounds  and  graves.  He  sold  a  second  collec- 
tion. To-day  he  is  worse  ofif  than  when  as  a  government  em- 
ploye he  spent  his  leisure  hours  in  collecting  for  pleasure.  He 
has  not  helped  his  family  and  instead  of  accomplishing  a  desired 
result,  he  has  done  archaeologic  science  an  injury. 

Suppose  a  beginning  collector  or  one  who  has  spent  some 
years  in  gathering  specimens.  //  this  young  man  wishes  to  ac- 
complish something  of  real  worth  in*  the  world,  let  him  fit  himself 
through  a  liberal  college  education,  followed  by  a  two  or  three 
years'  course  in  some  museum.  Then  he  is  prepared  to  occupy  a 
dignified  position  in  his  chosen  profession.  There  are  opportuni- 
ties for  all  who  will  do  this. 

The  specimens  are  gradually  drifting  to  the  permanent  mu- 
seums. Every  year  sees  new  museums  founded.  Each  season 
an  increasing  proportion  of  archeological  cabinets  finds  its  way 
into  permanent  quarters  in  fireproof  buildings,  and  there  these 
things  can  be  studied  and  protected.  The  collector,  who  faith- 
fully preserves  with  correct  data  the  material  discovered  in  his 
neighborhood,  enjoys  through  many  years  his  archaeologic  pur- 
suits, and  when  he  is  through  with  his  collection  presents  it  to  a 
worthy  institution,  renders  science  a  service  and  perpetuates  his 
own  name.  Warren  K.  Moorehead. 


Reprint  from  "Popular  Science  News/'  July,  1902. 


The  Occurrence  of  Obsidian  Implements  in  Wisconsin. 

Obsidian  is  a  true  glass,  or  vitreous  lava,  produced  by  vol- 
canic eruptions  cooling  quickly  and  is  often  called  volcanic  glass. 
It  is  not  very  widely  distributed  on  this  continent,  being  found 
only  in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park  and  elsewhere  in  the  Rocky 
Alountains  in  the  United  States;  in  the  volcanic  mountains  of 
Mexico  and  in  Alaska. 

Wirt  Tassin  in  his  "Catalogue  of  Gems^'  (Ann.  Rept.  of  the 
U.  S.  Natl.  Mus.,  1900)  gives  the  following  description  of  the 
colors  and  varieties  of  obsidian:     'The  prevalent  color  of  the 


96     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2.  No.  4. 

material  is  black,  but  some  of  it  is  mottled  and  streaked  with 
brownish  red  or  various  shades  of  brown;  sometimes  in  reddish 
brown  spherules  in  a  gray  matrix ;  also  green  of  several  shades  to 
light  and  dark  yellow.  Certain  fibrous  specimens  will  afford  the 
cat's-eye  ray. 

The  kinds  used  as  gems  are  known  as :  Moldavite  or  bottle- 
stone,  a  green-colored  obsidian ;  marekanite  or  mountain  mahog- 
any, a  red-colored  or  banded  black  variety,  and  Iceland  agate, 
pearlylite,  and  sphaerulite." 

The  jet  black  variety  is  found  both  in  the  Yellowstone  region 
and  in  Mexico.  The  fine  opaque  mahogany  colored  variety,  often 
of  a  deep  red  or  carmine  interlined  or  clouded  with  black,  one 
of  the  handsomest  of  the  eruptive  rocks,  and  another  variety  of  a 
light  greenish  glassy  tinge  clouded  or  smoked  with  deep  dark 
waves  of  clouds  in  streaks  or  drifts  are  also  found  in  the  former 
locality. 

Another  variety  resembling  in  color  brown  sugar  or  old  leath- 
er binding  is  reported  to  occur  in  Mexico.  Samples  of  this  varie- 
ty are  to  be  seen  in  the  Milwaukee  Museum.  There  are  numerous 
other  handsome  shades,  but  these  cover  the  purpose  of  this  paper. 
Obsidian  chips  in  long  even  cleavages  and  appears  to  have 
been  the  favorite  material  of  the  aborigines  of  Mexico  and  the 
southwest  who  employed  it  to  a  very  great  extent  in  the  making 
of  their  implements  and  ornaments.  It  is  not  found  in  place 
within  one  thousand  miles  of  Wisconsin  as  the  bird  flies  or  with- 
in fourteen  hundred  miles  by  routes  of  aboriginal  travel. 

There  has  been  no  obsidian  found  in  the  Wisconsin  glacial 
drift.  Its  presence  in  our  state  in  the  form  of  cores,  nodules, 
flakes  or  finished  implements  therefore  serves  as  an  excellent  il- 
lustration of  how  very  far  reaching  were  early  aboriginal  trade 
communications.  But  whether  these  were  obtained  directly  from 
the  deposits  or  as  the  last  of  numerous  intervening  barters  we 
may  never  know. 

The  accompanying  list  of  obsidians  found  in  Wisconsin  was 
prepared  by  the  author  for  the  purpose  of  placing  on  record  for 
the  use  of  the  students  of  the  future  such  data  as  he  has  been  able 
to  assemble.  He  will  be  greatly  indebted  to  any  of  our  brother 
members  of  the  Wisconsin  Society  or  others  for  the  loan  of  speci- 
mens or  any  additional  information  which  they  may  have  in  their 
possession. 

THE   LIST. 

I.  In  the  collection  of  Mr.  H.  George  Schuette  at  Manito- 
woc there  is  a  notched  arrowpoint  of  greenish  or  brandy  colored 


LAWSON— The  Occurrence  of  Obsidian  Implements  in  "Wisconsin.  97 

slightly  clouded  obsidian.  It  is  i>4  inches  in  length,  iji  inches 
in  width  at  the  widest  part  near  the  base  and  about  yi  of  an  inch 
in  thickness.  It  was  recovered  from  a  plowed  field  at  Manitowoc 
Rapids,  Manitowoc  county. 

2.  In  the  cabinet  of  Mr.  Geo.  A.  West  at  Milwaukee  are 
two  obsidian  implements.  Both  are  of  black  obsidian.  The  first 
of  these,  an  obsidian  knife,  is  elliptical  in  form,  about  2  inches 
in  length  and  34  of  an  inch  in  width  at  the  middle.  The  other 
is  a  barbed  arrowpoint,  i^  inches  in  length  and  ^  of  an  inch  in 
width  at  the  barbs.  Both  were  found  at  different  times  on  the 
banks  of  Root  river,  i^^  miles  south  of  Oakwood  in  the  town  of 
Caledonia  in  Racine  county.  ^ 

3.  A  fragment  of  another  specimen  was  found  on  the  west 
bank  of  Wind  lake  in  the  town  of  Norway  in  Racine  county.  It 
formerly  belonged  to  Mr.  West  but  is  now  the  property  of  Mr. 
H.  R.  Denison  at  Milwaukee. 

4.  In  the  Denison  collection  there  is  also  a  flake  of  black 
obsidian  about  2^  inches  in  length.  This  specimen  Mr.  West 
himself  obtained  from  a  plowed  field  on  his  father's  farm  in  Ray- 
mond Center,  Racine  county. 

5.  There  is  to  be  seen  in  the  W.  H.  Ellsworth  collection  at 
Milwaukee  a  light  colored,  glassy,  slightly  greenish  obsidian  ar- 
rowpoint. It  is  2^  inches  in  length  and  i  inch  in  width  at  the 
widest  part  of  the  blade.  It  was  found  on  the  Menomonee  In- 
dian Reservation  near  Keshena,  Shawano  county. 

6.  In  Mr.  H.  H.  Hayssen's  ''Catalogue"  of  the  contents  of 
his  collection,  now  the  property  of  the  Milwaukee  Public  Museum, 
there  is  to  be  seen  the  following  minute :  ''Obsidian  spearpoint 
found  with  burial  at  Keshena,  Shawano  county."  It  is  probable 
that  the  specimen  itself  is  in  the  Museum  collections. 

7.  Mr.  C.  E.  Brown  of  Milwaukee  formerly  possessed  a 
small  handsomely  chipped  black  obsidian  arrowpoint  which  was 
collected  from  the  sandy  village  sites  on  the  Lake  Michigan  shore 
near  Oostburg,  Sheboygan  county.  It  is  now  the  property  of 
Mr.  E.  McGillvra  of  Milwaukee. 

8.  About  two  years  ago  the  author  noted  in  the  collection  of 
Mr.  F.  M.  Caldwell  at  Princeton,  Green  Lake  county,  a  small 
piece  of  unworked  brown  obsidian,  which  was  said  to  have  been 
found  in  the  vicinity,  but  its  local  identity  was  not  well  made  out. 

9.  Mr.  F.  M.  Benedict  of  Waupaca  has  in  his  large  col- 
lection an  irregular  fragment  of  black  obsidian  which  is,  said  to 
have  been  found  at  Rib  Hill  near  Wausau,  Marathon  county.     It 


98     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  No.  4. 

is  about  3  inches  in  length  and  i>4   inches  in  thickness  at  its 
middle. 

10.  Mr.  Daniel  Hoag  of  Waupaca  has  reported  to  Mr.  C. 
E.  Brown  the  finding  of  a  number  of  obsidian  implements  in  a 
mound  region  at  Springville  near  Plover,  in  Portage  county. 

11.  Mr.  Brown  has  also  very  kindly  furnished  me  with  the 
following  extract  from  a  letter  written  to  him  in  1898  by  the 
late  Mr.  F.  S.  Perkins  of  Burlington : 

"In  1884,  Mr.  Dan  W.  Derby  of  Wyalusing,  Grant  county, 
Wis.,  and  Capt.  Peter  Hall  of  Davenport,  Iowa,  excavated  a  very 
large  tumulus  located  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  river. 

In  this  mound,  associated  with  human  remains,  they  found 
a  large  number  of  beads  and  other  ornaments  made  of  copper, 
also  some  copper  axes,  a  magnificent  obsidian  hatchet,  a  fine 
knife  of  brown  chalcedony,  and  other  articles."  The  hatchet 
and  some  of  the  other  specimens  were  in  Mr.  Perkins'  collection ; 
of  their  present  whereabouts  I  am  able  to  learn  nothing. 

12.  In  a  communication  directed  to  the  author,  dated  No- 
vember 26,  1902,  Mr.  Horace  Beach,  Sr.,  of  Prairie  du  Chien, 
Wis.,  gives  the  following  information:  "Mr.  (Dan  W.)  Derby, 
living  in  the  town  of  Wyalusing,  Grant  county,  obtained  some 
specimens  of  obsidian  from  a  mound  located  on  the  Mississippi 
bottoms,  above  the  village  of  Mentina,  about  four  miles  below  or 
south  of  Prairie  du  Chien.  I  procured  one  large  object  which 
had  been  chipped  and  resembled  a  turtle  in  form.  It  was  about 
6  inches  long  and  4  inches  wide.  I  presented  it  to  the  U.  S. 
Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washington,  D.  C."  He  also  found 
an  obsidian  knife. 

In  the  year  1900  the  author  observed  in  the  Wisconsin  case 
in  the  U.  S.  Smithsonian  Institute  at  Washington,  a  fine  speci- 
men of  unworked  jet  black  obsidian,  about  8  inches  long,  2 
inches  wide  and  i^  inches  thick.  With  it  was  a  black  obsidian 
celt  about  7  inches  long,  and  three  or  four  obsidian  spearpoints. 
They  were  among  other  aboriginal  artifacts  labelled  "Wisconsin.'* 
Correspondence  has  failed  to  discover  their  finder  or  the  exact 
locality  from  which  they  were  obtained. 

It  is  possible  that  among  them  are  the  implement  obtained 
from  Mr.  Beach  and  the  "hatchet"  formerly  owned  by  Mr.  F.  S. 
Perkins. 

Mr.  Brown  suggests  that  the  obsidian  implement  mentioned 
by  J.  W.  Foster,  (Prehistoric  Races),  as  in  the  Perkins  collec- 
tion, is  probably  identical  with  the  specimen  obtained  from  Mr. 
Derby  by  Mr.  Perkins. 


LAWSON — The  Occttrrence  of  Obsidian  Implement*  in  Wisconsin.  99 

13.  Mr.  E.  P.  Upham  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  has 
kindly  furnished  me  with  descriptions  and  drawings  of  the  Wis- 
consin obsidians  in  that  institution. 

They  are  as  follows:  Catalogue  No.  88340  U.  S.  N.  M. 
Disk-like  obsidian  implement,  from  a  mound  near  Prairie  du 
Chien,  Crawford  Co.,  Wis.  Diameter  6>4  by  5  inches,  greatest 
thickness  i^  inches.     Chipped  to  an  edge  all  around. 

14.  Cat.  No.  1 15446,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Disk-like  implement 
obtained  from  a  mound  in  the  'Tolander  Group,"  located  about 
one  mile  north  of  Lynxville,  Crawford  Co.,  Wis.  Diameter 
3>^  by  4  inches,  thickness  ^  of  an  inch.  It  is  chipped  to  an 
edge. 

15.  Cat.  No.  ii550i,"U.  S.  N.  M.  Obsidian  Spearpoint 
obtained  from  a  mound  in  the  'Tlucke  Group,"  located  about 
2  miles  south  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  Crawford  Co.,  Wis.  Length 
7%  inches,  width  3^  inches  and  thickness  >^  inch. 

16.  Cat.  No.  1 15502,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Obsidian  spearhead 
found  with  the  foregoing.  Length  6^4  inches,  width  2^  inches, 
and  thickness  Yi  inch. 

These  are  probably  those  obtained  from  Mound  No.  i  of 
this  group,  which  was  excavated  by  Dr.  Cyrus  Thomas  and 
party,  as  described  in  the  12th  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnol- 
ogy- (p-  IZ-)  At  the  base  of  this  mound  "were  3  skeletons, 
all  lying,  in  a  horizontal  position.  No.  1  on  the  back,  head  east, 
elbows  out  and  hands  turned  towards  the  head ;  near  each  hand 
was  a  fine  large  obsidian  spearhead,  one  of  which  is  9  inches 
long." 

Among  the  other  objects  found  were  two  spool-shaped  ar- 
ticles of  copper  and  several  large  copper  beads  or  pendants. 

17.  In  the  above  mentioned  report  (p.  31)  Dr.  Thomas 
figures  and  describes  the  finding  of  a  disk-like  obsidian  imple- 
ment in  Mound  No.  10  of  -'White's  Group,"  located  in  the  north- 
west corner  of  Vernon  county,  in  Section  28,  T.  14  N.,  R.  7  W., 
on  the  land  of  Mr.  H.  White. 

There  were  a  number  of  interments  in  this  mound.  The  im- 
plement was  associated  with  one  at  its  base.  "Under  the  skull 
was  a  fine  lancehead,  and  about  2  feet  south  in  the  same  exca- 
vation, a  magnificent  chipped  implement  of  obsidian." 

PuBLius  V.  Lawsox. 


100     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  No.  4. 

George  P.  Delaplaine. 

Born,  Philadelphia,  September,  1814.     Died,  Madison,  April,  1895. 

This  is  the  fourth  of  a  series  of  short  articles  which  it  is  intended  to   publish 
from  time  to  time  on  the  lives  and  works  of  the  pioneer  archeologists  of  our  state. 

Among  the  few  who,  in  an  early  day,  understood  the  great 
historical  value  of  the  records  left  in  Wisconsin  by  the  prehis- 
toric people,  and  did  what  he  could  to  preserve  those  records,  was 
George  P.  Delaplaine  of  Madison,  Wisconsin. 

Mr.  Delaplaine  thought  the  state  Should  make  an  appropria- 
tion for  an  archeological  survey  to  preserve  such  evidence,  and 
wrote  to  Dr.  Lapham  in  1859  ^^^g'^"^^  the  matter.  He  said  in 
part:  "Governor  Randall  can  surely  see  the  importance  of  the 
subject.  Let  him  refer  a  communication  from  you  with  a  special 
message  to  the  legislature." 

No  action  was  taken  at  this  time.  It  seemed  wiser  to  await 
the  result  of  an  appeal  that  had  been  made  to  the  State  Histori- 
cal Society,  to  issue  circulars  to  the  county  surveyors,  asking 
their  aid  in  securing  records  of  all  mounds  in  each  county. 

A  casual  conversation  with  Mr.  Thomas  Ewbank,  United 
States  Commissioner  of  Patents  in  1858,  on  the  interesting  earth 
works  in  Wisconsin,  was  followed  by  an  invitation  to  Mr.  Dela- 
plaine from  the  Secretary  of  the  American  Ethnological  Society, 
of  which  Mr.  Ewbank  was  a  member,  to  deliver  an  address  on 
the  mounds  of  Wisconsin  at  a  special  meeting  to  be  called  for  the 
purpose.  He  was  unable  to  do  this.  To  quote  his  own  words: 
*T  was,  I  fear,  overestimated  as  to  my  knowledge  of  these  ancient 
monuments  and  a  prominence  given  to  me  and  my  opinions  to 
which  I  was  in  no  wise  entitled.  I  was,  happily,  called  home  and 
thereby  saved  the  chagrin  of  disclosing  to  those  learned  savants 
my  almost  utter  ignorance  of  the  subject." 

Later,  on  learning  that  the  Ethnological  Society  contem- 
plated sending  a  committee  to  the  west,  he  wrote:  "I  would 
assist  in  examining,  if  upon  external  examination  by  the  com- 
mittee, it  seemed  worth  the  trouble.  I  shall  hold  myself  in  readi- 
ness to  labor,  when  the  time  is  propitious,  with  the  pick  and 
spade  at  any  of  the  ancient  works  in  this  vicinity." 

The  tone  of  Mr.  Delaplaine's  letters  indicate  that  he  had  re- 
solved to  investigate  more  thoroughly  this  interesting  subject. 

The  committee  did  not  appear,  but  in  June,  1859,  by  invita- 
tion of  Mr.  Delaplaine,  Professor  James  Dwight  Whitney,  Pro- 
fessor Ezra  S.  Carr  and  Dr.  L  A.  Lapham  visited  Madison  for 


LAPHAM— George  P.  Delaplaine.  101 

the  purpose  of  examining  some  of  the  principal  mounds  in  the 
vicinity.  They  selected  one  of  an  oval  form  with  a  base  fifty 
by  seventy  feet  and  a  height  of  ten  feet,  to  open. 

It  was  one  of  a  series  running  along  the  crest  of  a  ridge, 
having  an  elevation  of  seventy-five  feet,  that  divides  the  waters 
of  Lake  Monona  from  those  of  Lake  Wingra.  This  series  of 
mounds  is  visible  from  trains  approaching  Madison  from  the  east 
on  the  Prairie  du  Chien  division  of  the  Milwaukee  road. 

The  preservation  of  these  mounds  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
this  ridge  was  the  property  of  Mr.  Delaplaine,  who  carefully 
guarded  the  mounds,  and  caused  an  accurate  record  to  be  made 
before  they  were  disturbed  in  laying  out  the  road  across  the 
ridge. 

One  of  the  first  discoveries  made  by  this  party,  was  a  por- 
tion of  a  human  skeleton  only  about  three  feet  from  the  top  of  the 
mound;  very  evidently  buried  long  after  its  construction. 

At  a  greater  depth,  under  the  middle  of  the  mound  the  ob- 
ject of  the  greatest  interest  was  found.  An  excavation  had  been 
made  in  the  original  surface  of  the  ground  and  a  pavement  of 
rounded  stones  embedded  in  clay  laid,  on  which  rested  the  skele- 
ton of  a  man  in  a  very  good  state  of  preservation.  It  was  in  a 
horizontal  position,  the  head  to  the  east  and  the  arms  and  legs 
folded  back.  The  explorers  had  every  reason  to  believe  that  this 
was  the  skeleton  of  one  of  the  prehistoric  people,  an  ancestor  of 
the  modern  Indian. 

The  skull  in  size  and  general  contour  agreed  very  closely 
with  that  of  the  Chippewa  Indian,  illustrated  in  Morton's  Crania 
Americana,  (plate  28).  This  resemblance  was  one  of  the  proofs 
that  the  mound  builder  was  the  ancestor  of  the  Indian  "as  first 
clearly  indicated  by  Dr.  Morton"  in  the  above  mentioned  work. 
(Page  229.) 

A  gray  flint  arrowhead  and  an  implement  made  from  the 
bone  of  a  bird,  its  purpose  was  not  at  that  time  determined,  were 
among  the  treasures  found  with  the  skeleton. 

The  skeleton  and  all  articles  found  at  this  time  were  sent 
with  a  full  description  to  the  American  Ethnological  Society,  N. 
Y.,  and  accounts  of  the  exploration  were  published  in  the  news- 
papers of  the  day,*  that  attracted  much  attention  to  the  archeol- 
ogy of  our  state. 

In  a  recent  letter  from  Mrs.  W.  K.  Galloway  of  Eau  Claire, 
Wis.,  she  wrote:  'T  remember  well  the  graphic  and  enthusiastic 
manner  in  which  my  father  used  to  recount  the  circumstances 


102     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  No.  4. 

attending  the  opening  of  this  mound  and  exhibiting  the  skull  and 
other  relics  found  therein." 

Although  no  records  of  further  work  on  the  part  of  Mr. 
Delaplaine  were  available,  his  name  appears  as  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  the  Wisconsin  Academy  of  Sciences,  Arts  and  Letters, 
on  the  "Exploration  of  Indian  Mounds  in  the  Vicinity  of  Madi- 
son,'^ in  1874. 

In  Vol.  3  of  the  Academy  Reports  was  published  the  report 
of  this  committee  on  the  exploration  of  three  of  a  series  of 
mounds  ''on  the  peculiar  glacial  ridge  between  Lakes  Monona 
and  Wingra."  It  is  illustrated  with  elevations  and  sections  of 
the  mounds,  as  well  as  the  crania,  a  piece  of  cloth  and  other  ar- 
ticles found  in  them.  The  thanks  of  the  committee  are  expressed 
to  Mr.  Delaplaine  and  others  ''on  whose  land  the  explored  mounds 
are  located,  for  permission  to  open  them." 

Had  others  been  as  thoughtful  as  Mr.  Delaplaine,  many  in- 
teresting effigies  that  have  been   destroyed  by  the  plow  would 
have  been  preserved  to  aid  in  reading  the  story  of  the  past. 
Julia  A.  Lapham. 

*New  York  Times,  New  York  Courier  and  Enquirer,  December  28,  1859. 
Madison  Democrat,  June  2,  1859.     Madison  State  Journal,  June  3,  1859. 


The  Collection  and  Preservation  of  Local  Archcological  Data* 

The  growth  of  the  interest  in  Wisconsin's  prehistory  is  pro- 
gressing most  favorably  and  certainly  the  opportunities  for  in- 
telligent research  by  the  local  observer  are  most  numerous. 

In  the  present  absence  of  state  aid  or  of  private  funds  where- 
with to  prosecute  very  extended  researches  the  Society  finds  it 
necessary  to  depend  to  a  great  extent  upon  the  individual  efforts 
of  its  representatives,  and  seeks  to  secure  their  cooperation  by 
prevailing  upon  each  and  every  one  to  contribute  his  proper  share 
toward  the  successful  accomplishment  of  its  several  aims. 

To  our  mind  one  of  the  most  commendable  tasks  which  the 
Society  has  undertaken  is  that  of  assembling  in  permanent  and 
readily  accessible  form  the  little,  neglected  odds  and  ends  of 
archeological  memoranda  and  information  such  as  every  district, 
every  student  and  collector  and  many  other  intelligent  observers 
scattered  here  and  everywhere  throughout  the  state  can  yet 
supply. 

Apparently  insignificant  in  themselves,  these  little  scraps  of 
archeological  evidence,  if  carefully  and  persistently  collected  and 
recorded,  will  prove  of  extreme  value  to  the  archeological  stu- 


BROWN— The  Collection  and  Preservation  of  Local  Archeological  Data.  103 

dents  of  the  future  who  will  thus  be  the  better  prepared  and  upon 
whom  more  than  upon  ourselves  will  devolve  the  duty  of  reading 
therefrom  and  from  such  data  as  is  already  on  record,  the  life 
history  of  Wisconsin's  aboriginal  tribes. 

Considering  the  very  slight  interest  formerly  taken  in  our 
local  antiquities  by  Wisconsin  people,  and  the  many  difficulties 
attending  the  tmselfish  labors  of  our  early  archeologists  and  his- 
torians, it  is  not  surprising  that  many  interesting  works  should 
have  remained  undiscovered  and  a  vast  amount  of  archeological 
data  unrecorded. 

During  the  month  of  June  of  the  present  year  the  Wisconsin 
Archeological  Society  caused  to  be  addressed  to  its  representa- 
tives in  many  counties  of  the  state,  a  circular  letter  requesting 
their  assistance  in  collecting  and  reporting  the  data  pertaining  to 
the  antiquities  formerly  or  still  existing  in  their  respective  neigh- 
borhoods. 

This  communication  was  accompanied  with  a  few  simple  in- 
structions as  to  the  nature  of  the  information  required  and  the 
methods  to  be  pursued  in  collecting  the  same  and  in  most  cases 
with  a  list  giving  the  location  of  the  antiquities  already  described 
or  noted  by  earlier  observers  from  the  particular  region  or  county 
in  which  the  member  thus  appealed  to  happened  to  reside. 

Resident  members  making  or  intending  to  make  vacation 
trips  were  also  furnished  with  plats  and  records  of  the  remains 
located  in  the  districts  in  which  they  were  expecting  to  sojourn. 

The  effect  of  this  communication  upon  our  brother  members, 
many  of  whom  have  hitherto  devoted  their  leisure  time  almost 
solely  to  the  assembling  of  cabinets  of  stone  and  copper  imple- 
ments, has  already  proven  more  gratifying  and  satisfactory  in  its 
results  than  even  the  most  sanguine  of  the  Society's  officers  had 
been  prepared  to  expect. 

In  this  way  a  very  considerable  amount  of  valuable  data  has 
already  been  accumulated  and  will  be  fittingly  acknowledged  in 
future  publications. 

Some  of  the  many  replies  thus  received  have  contained  re- 
quests for  additional  information  and  instructions,  and  the  author, 
acting  in  accordance  with  the  suggestion  of  the  Executive  Board, 
therefore  takes  this  occasion  to  shed  some  further  light  on  the 
purposes  of  the  present  inquiry  and  to  present  some  further  sug- 
gestions and  instructions  which  it  is  hoped  may  be  of  assistance 
to  those  contemplating  or  already  engaged  in  work  along  these 
lines. 

The  recently  published  ''Archeology  of  Winnebago  County," 


104     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  No.  4. 

representing  the  conscientious  labors  of  our  fellow  workers, 
Hon.  Publius  V.  Lawson,  Hon.  James  G.  Pickett,  and  their  as- 
sociates in  that  region,  well  illustrates  what  quite  as  capable 
members  in  other  sections  of  the  state  can  do  to  advance  archeo- 
logical  research  in  theiii  own  districts  if  they  will  only  exert 
themselves  to  that  end. 

The  rapid  rate  at  which  our  prehistoric  monuments  are  dis- 
appearing and  the  large  amount  of  valuable  data  which  is  being 
lost  thereby,  largely  for  the  want  of  some  capable  and  conscienti- 
ous worker  to  collect  and  record  it,  renders  the  Society's  efforts  to 
encourage  its  members  in  the  undertaking  of  such  researches  both 
timely  and  necessary. 

Instructions  and  Suggfcstions. 

Making  the  Acquaintance  of  Recorded  Antiquities. — 
In  assisting  the  Society  in  this  undertaking  it  will  of  course  be  to 
the  purpose  of  the  local  observer  to  first  acquaint  himself  with  the 
location  and  character  of  the  antiquities  already  recorded  from 
his  district  or  county. 

In  some  instances  this  might  prove  to  be,  owing  to  the 
widely  scattered  literature,  a  matter  of  some  difficulty.  The 
Society  has,  therefore,  taken  the  precaution  tO'  assemble  such 
data  and  is  in  a  position  to  provide  the  observer,  on  application, 
with  the  locations,  descriptions  and  diagrams  of  these. 

Thus  prepared  the  observer,  as  he  finds  it  convenient,  may 
proceed  to  the  various  locations  mentioned  and  familiarize  him- 
self with  the  nature  of  these  evidences. 

By  this  means  he  will  gain  valuable  experience  and  be  the 
better  prepared  to  list  such  undescribed  antiquities  and  assemble 
such  original  or  data  as  he  may  discover.  In  many  instances  and 
especially  where  the  earlier  observations  appear  to  have  been 
carelessly  or  superficially  made  he  may  find  it  advisable  to  care- 
fully check  them. 

Additional  Observations  on  Recorded  Antiquities. — 
It  is  to  be  expected  that  a  considerable  number  of  the  aboriginal 
remains  already  made  known  to  us  through  the  personal  exer- 
tions of  our  worthy  forerunners,  are  now  obliterated  or  partially 
effaced. 

Other  sites  have  been  re-investigated  and  earlier  observa- 
tions completed. 

Some  mound  groups,  solitary  mounds  or  other  antiquities 
have  since  been  wisely  included  in  public  parks,  college  grounds, 
cemeteries  and  other  public  and  private  properties,  and  thus  per- 


BROWN— The  Collection  and  Preservation  of  Local  Archeological  Data.  105 


manently  preserved.  There  are  others  so  favorably  situated  that 
their  preservation  may  be  secured  by  recommending  the  same 
to  the  state,  or  to  the  cities,  villages  or  institutions  in  or  near 
whose  bounds  they  may  be  located. 

It  may  also  happen  that  some  works  are  threatened  by  im- 
mediate destruction  through  the  building  or  extension  of  roads 
or  streets,  the  cultivation  of  land  or  other  causes  and  should  be 
investigated.  Frequently  the  privilege  of  reserving  such  works 
for  scientific  exploration  may  also  be  obtained.  These  are  facts 
with  which  the  Wisconsin  Society  desires  to  be  made  acquainted. 

The  Assembling  of  New  Material. — Some  counties  have 
been,  at  least  so  far  as  their  jnound  systems  are  concerned,  quite 
thoroughly  explored,  while  others  have  received  little  or  no  atten- 
tion, and  in  all  of  them  there  is  still  much  to  be  accomplished, 
especially  in  the  locating  of  aboriginal  village  and  camp,  work- 
shop and  quarry  sites,  cemeteries,  kame  burials,  cornfields,  re- 
fuse heaps,  trails,  caches,  and  the  like. 

It  may  truthfully  be  stated,  therefore,  that  there  is  not  a 
county  in  the  state  that  cannot  contribute  to  our  present  records 
some  additional  evidence  of  the  existence  of  aboriginal  man 
within  its  boundaries,  as  yet  unrecorded  or  imperfectly  described. 
A  week  or  even  a  few  days  spent  in  intelligent  research  in  any 
district  of  the  state  cannot,  therefore,  fail  of  yielding  important 
results. 

In  beginning  his  work,  the  student  will  do  best  to  per- 
sonally examine  and  list  such  features  as  may  be  located  in  his 
particular  township,  visiting  and  making  inquiries  and  obser- 
vations in  each  section  in  turn. 

It  is  manifestly  far  better  for  him  to  thoroughly  investigate 
one  township  in  his  county  than  to  scatter  his  observations  over 
several  and  thus  perhaps  omit  information  that  is  of  importance. 
This  done  he  may  extend  his  researches  to  cover  the  adjoin- 
ing districts,  until  he  shall  have  completed  the  work  in  his  county. 
He  may  also  find  it  convenient  to  name  all  evidences  thus  re- 
corded according  to  their  location  or  by  some  prominent  feature 
of  the  neighborhood,  and  thereafter  refer  to  them  by  that  name. 

Such  an  archeological  reconnoissance  may  require  several 
years  in  its  completion  but  the  results  if  the  work  be  carefully 
and  intelligently  pursued  cannot  fail  to  prove  eminently  satis- 
factory. 

The  work  should  be  undertaken  in  a  systematic  manner  and 
carried  forward  with  a  definite  purpose  in  view.  A  task  once 
undertaken  should  be  carried  to  completion.     Scientists  cannot 


106     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  No.  4. 

tolerate  slipshod  work.  It  is  clear  from  the  insufficient  data  at 
present  at  our  command  that  in  the'  conducting  of  future  ob- 
servations and  researches  thoroughness  should  be  aimed  at. 

The  Sources  of  Information. — In  nearly  every  district 
by  careful  inquiry  trustworthy  individuals  interested  in  such 
work  may  be  found  able  and  willing  to  furnish  clues  as  to  the 
possible  location  of  antiquities  or  information  in  regard  to  those 
already  known  to  the  observer. 

County  surveyors  and  similar  officials  are  by  their  vocation 
often  perfect  repositories  of  information  and  may  be  prevailed 
upon  to  aid  to  the  extent  of  furnishing  surveys  and  plats  of 
mound  groups  and  similar  evidences  which  the  local  observer 
might  himself  find  it  difficult  to  undertake. 

A  notice  or  notices  inserted  at  different  times  in  the  columns 
of  the  county  papers  will  frequently  be  the  means  of  obtaining 
desirable  information  from  sources  not  otherwise  likely  to  be  en- 
countered. 

The  names  and  addresses  of  all  persons  thus  assisting  should 
be  carefully  recorded  with  the  information  obtained.  This  is 
important  since  the  Society  or  individual  observer  may  in  the 
future  require  some  additional  data  or  assistance. 

All  information  obtained  from  these  or  such  other  sources 
as  may  suggest  themselves  should  be  carefully  verified  by  visits 
to  the  localities  mentioned. 

The  Surveying  and  Mapping  of  Local  Antiquities. — 
The  early  and  carefully  recorded  surveys  of  our  pioneer  archeolo- 
gists  have  been  the  means  of  disposing  of  the  greater  number  of 
the  larger  and  more  important  mound  groups  of  the  state  so 
that  the  field  worker  will  find  that  he  has  only  the  smaller  works 
with  which  to  contend  and  will,  therefore,  need  to  possess  less 
of  the  qualifications  of  the  civil  engineer,  cartographer,  and  geolo- 
gist than  would  otherwise  have  been  absolutely  necessary. 

In  the  taking  of  measurements  of  mounds  and  other  earth- 
works it  is  at  all  times  important  that  they  should  be  accurate 
and  sufficient.  In  this  way  much  trouble  in  the  platting  from  the 
field  notes  may  be  avoided.  All  works  as  surveyed  or  noted 
should  be  located  or  indicated  by  symbols  in  their  proper  place 
on  the  county  map.  Diagrams  of  the  works  are  of  course  neces- 
sary to  intelligent  study  and  should  be  prepared  with  particular 
care.  They  should  be  drawn  to  a  convenient  scale  and  should 
present  a  clear  idea  of  location  and  the  immediate  environment 
of  the  works  represented. 


BROWN — The  Collection  and  Preservation  of  Local  Archeological  Data.  107 

Exploration. — As  a  matter  of  fact  the  exploration  of 
mounds  when  such  is  thought  or  becomes  necessary,  had  best  be 
carried  on  by  scientific  persons  thoroughly  experienced  in  such 
work.  Too  large  an  amount  of  valuable  data  has  already  been 
lost  to  the  state  by  superficial  excavation  and  the  rifling  of  such 
works  by  collectors  or  curiosity  seekers.  The  preservation  rather 
than  the  destruction  of  the  remaining  mounds  by  careless  hands 
is  sought  for  by  the  Society.  The  collector  who  desires  merely 
to  add  to  his  cabinet  will  find  the  searching  of  fields  and  buying 
from  farmers  by  far  the  more  satisfactory  plan  of  increasing  his 
collection.  The  best  methods  for  conducting  excavations  of 
mounds  and  village  sites  have  been  frequently  described  by  lead- 
ing archeologists. 

The  following  rules  for  such  researches  are  given  by  Dr. 
Warren  K.  Moorehead  in  his  recent  work,  ''Prehistoric  Imple- 
ments," and  should  be  carefully  observed : 

"i.  Photograph  (or  draw  accurately)  the  site  or  mound 
before  commencing. 

2.  Stake  off  the  spot  (or  mound)  in  squares  of  3,  5  or  10 
feet  each. 

3.  Run  a  trench  north  and  south,  or  east  and  west,  at  least 
two-thirds  of  the  diameter  of  the  mound.  Dig  down  to  the 
original  surface,  or  below.  In  some  mounds  there  is  a  *'sod  line" 
or  dark  streak  at  the  base.  In  others  a  hard  burned  floor.  In 
many  cases  you  cannot  determine  bottom  positively,  and  must 
continue  on  down  until  the  undisturbed  clay  or  gravel  is 
reached. 

4.  Throw  the  earth  behind  and  keep  a  clear  space  of  four 
of  five  feet  between  the  earth  and  the  front  wall  or  face  of  the- 
trench.  When  through  the  excavation  will  be  nearly  filled  and 
little  damage  have  been  done  to  the  structure.  Mounds  should 
not  be  opened  by  means  of  an  irregular  pit  sunk  from  the  sum- 
mit (or  center). 

5.  For  village  sites  and  grave  groups  the  rules  3  and  4 
must  be  somewhat  changed.  Long  narrow  trenches  sunk  down 
as  far  as  charcoal  and  ashes  occur,  must  be  run.  Throw!  the 
earth  behind  as  you  proceed.  Excavate  all  ash  pits  carefully, 
as  valuable  objects  are  frequently  found  in  them. 

6.  Small  hand  trowels  or  broad  dull  knives  and  whisk 
brooms  are  indispensable.  Ordinary  large  digging  tools  need 
no  explanation. 

7.  Enter  all  finds  upon  a  map  or  ground  plan  and  note  in 


108     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  No.  4. 

the  squares    (by  numbers   or  letters)    the   skeletons   or  objects, 
etc.,  found. 

8.  Number  or  letter  the  objects  or  crania  (or  entire  bones) 
and  also  designate  the  mound  or  site  so  that  it  and  its  contents 
may  not  become  confused  with  the,  results  of  explorations  in 
other  monuments. 

9.  Photograph  skeletons  or  objects  in  situ. 

.    10.     Keep  a  careful  field  catalogue  or  diary  and  retain  the 
same  series  of  numbers  or  letters  in  the  packing  boxes,  etc. 

11.  Pack  specimens  for  transportation  so  that  there  is  no 
danger  of  breakage. 

12.  Shellac,  or  a  light  solution  of  glue,  or  a  dozen  other 
good  preservatives  for  bones,  pottery  or  soft  substances.  Pack- 
ing paper,  excelsior,  string,  boxes,  etc. 

There  is  subject  matter  for  many  pages  in  nearly  every  one 
of  these  rules,  but  a  mere  mention  of  them  will  have  to  suffice." 

In  order  to  trace  out  the  village  sites  occuring  in  his  district 
the  student  should,  if  possible,  acquaint  himself  with  the  history, 
etc.,  of  the  tribes  said  to  have  inhabited  that  region.  These  will 
in  most  cases  richly  repay  research. 

The  Classification  and  Filing  of  Data. — The  local  ob- 
server will  find  it  decidedly  advantageous  to  institute  for  his 
own  use  an  envelope,  or  similar  system,  in  which  may  be  kept 
filed  for  ready  reference  such  evidence  as  he  may  assemble. 

If  the  envelope  system  be  employed  each  envelope  should  be 
plainly  marked  with  the  name  or  number  of  the  county,  town 
and  section,  and  should  contain  field  notes,  diagrams,  sketches 
and  photographs  and  other  obtainable  data  in  regard  to  the  an- 
tiquities existing  in  that  particular  region.  The  names  and  lo- 
cations of  local  collectors  and  interested  individuals,  the  range  of 
their  interests  and  the  extent  and  character  of  their  collections 
may  be  included.  Sketches  or  photographs  and  descriptions  of 
implements  obtained  from  particular  sites  should  be  added.  Any 
information  however  brief  is  not  too  unimportant  to  be  pre- 
served in  this  way.  As  new  material  or  additional  data  is  ob- 
tained it  may  be  filed  in  its  proper  place.  When  sufficient  data 
has  been  thus  accumulated  it  may  readily  be  put  in  form  for 
publication,  or  preferably  presented  to  the  Society  for  that  pur- 
pose. 

The  Field  Outfit. — In  the  absence  of  better  facilities  the 
field  worker  will  do  well  to  provide  himself  with  a  map  of  his 
county  or  district,  a  note  book,  a  cloth  measuring  tape  and  a 


BROWN — The  Collection  and  Preserration  of  Local  Archeological  Data.  109 

pocket  compass.  These  items  are  indispensable.  Others  may  be 
added  as  required  by  the  nature  of  the  particular  work  to  be 
undertaken. 

In  many  counties  local  maps  printed  and  ready  for  immedi- 
ate use  can  be  had  by  application  at  the  county  offices,  from  local 
real  estate  or  railroad  land  agencies. 

A  convenient  sized  blank  book  is  a  most  important  accessory 
and  to  its  keeping,  rather  than  to  the  memory,  should  be  in- 
trusted all  notes,  facts,  sketches  and  diagrams  as  may  be  gleaned 
during  the  course  of  field  work. 

A  set  of  perhaps  half  a  dozen  stout  steel  pins,  such  as  sur- 
veyors use,  will  prove  convenient  in  the  taking  and  marking  of 
distances. 

A  good  camera  is  a  most  valuable  adjunct  to  the  light  field 
outfit  and  photographs  should  be  taken  of  all  features  that  can 
be  recorded  by  that  method. 

Classification  of  Local  Evidences* 

The  following  convenient  classification  of  Wisconsin's  pre- 
historic works  has  been  adopted  by  the  Society  and  it  is  hoped  may 
prove  of  assistance  to  those  engaged  in  local  researches.  For  the 
want  of  sufficient  space  definitions  of  these  will  not  be  given  at 
this  time. 

1.  Solitary  Mounds  and  Alound  Groups. 

2.  Inclosures. 

3.  Village  and  Camp  Sites. 

4.  Cave  Habitations. 

5.  Cornfields  and  Garden  Beds. 

6.  Quarry  Sites. 

7.  Refuse  Heaps.     (Shell  Heaps,  etc.) 

8.  Caches. 

9.  Cemeteries. 

10.  Kame  (Gravel  and  Sand  Pit)  Burials. 

11.  Trails. 

12.  Miscellaneous  Works. 

Reports. 

In  the  preparing  of  reports  to  the  Society  and  in  order  to 
secure  greater  uniformity  in  the  same,  it  is  desirable  that  the 
following  or  a  similar  form  should  be  observed  as  far  as 
practicable : 

Character. 

I.     Kind  of  work. 


110     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2.  No.  4. 

Location  and  Extent. 

2.  Name  of  the  county,  town,  and  quarter  section  in  which 
it  is  situated. 

3.  Present  owner  or  owners  of  the  property.  Value  of 
part  of  same  on  which  remain  is  located. 

4.  Nearest  town  or  railroad  station  from  which  it  may 
be  conveniently  reached.     Distance  and  direction  from  the  same. 

5.  Character  of  the  land  upon  which  it  is  located.  (Wheth- 
er in  woodland,  pasture,  cultivated  field,  on  hill  or  ridge,  in  val- 
ley, on  banks  of  lake  or  stream,  name  of  stream  or  lake,  etc.) 

6.  Topography  of  the  surrounding  country. 

7.  Proximity  to  or  possible  connection  with  other  works  in 
the  vicinity. 

8.  Size  of  the  area  occupied  or  included. 

9.  General  direction,  arrangement,  measurement,  contour, 
and  construction  of  the  work  and  component  parts  of  the  same. 

Exploration  and  State  of  Preservation. 

10.  Present  condition. 

11.  Permanently  preserved  or  so  situated  that  it  may  be. 

12.  Danger  of  destruction  from  local  or  other  causes,  such 
as  road  building,  cultivation,  house  building,  relic  hunters,  etc. 

13.  Results  of  exploration  if  any  has  been  attempted.  Char- 
acter, position  and  present  disposition  of  contents. 

14.  If  not,  is  exploration  desirable? 

History  and  Tradition. 

15.  Local  history  or  traditions  affecting  the  work. 

16.  Early  Indian  occupancy  of  the  site  or  district.  What 
tribe,  etc. 

17.  Newspaper  articles,  or  manuscript  notes,  letters,  etc., 
regarding  it.     Where  published,  by  whom,  what  date,  etc. 

When  possible  copies  of  these  and  of  maps,  diagrams, 
photographs  and  other  similar  matter  relating  to  the  particular 
work  should  accompany  the  report. 

All  reports  and  communications  should  be  carefully  and  ac- 
curately prepared,  and  all  statements  carefully  verified  by  con- 
sultation with  other  local  observers.  When  received  these  will 
be  filed  and  indexed.  Due  credit  will  be  given  in  the  "Wisconsin 
Archeologist"  to  all  who  participate,  and  the  field  worker  in  turn 
should  report  all  credit  due  to  those  who  assist  him  in  his  work. 

It  is  the  manifest  duty  of  every  state  to  investigate  its  own 
archeological  resources  and  to  be  its  own  bureau  of  information 


Archeological  Research  and  Literature.  Ill 

to  the  outside  world,  and  we  trust,  therefore,  that  those  who 
shall  have  received  a  copy  of  this  circular  will  readily  recognize  the 
importance  of  this  appeal  to  their  interest  and  patriotism,  and 
use  every  means  to  assist  and  co-operate  with  the  Society  in 
accomplishing  this  all  important  task. 

C.  E.  Brow>s^. 


Archeological  Research  and  Literature. 

Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  is  one  of  the  oldest  preparatory 
schools  in  the  United  States,  having  been  founded  in  1778.  In 
fact  it  ranks  above  many  institutions  of  more  pretentious  titles. 

Recently  it  received  from  two  friends  the  sum  of  $150,000, 
to  found  a  department  of  archaeology.  A  building  costing  $50,- 
000  was  erected.  The  first  floor  is  devoted  to  club  rooms  for 
the  students,  the  second  to  the  archeological  collections ;  the  third 
to  reading  and  study  rooms,  a  lecture  hall,  etc.  The  finishings 
are  artistic  and  beautiful. 

The  collections  fill  fifteen  large  cases.  Duplicates  are  stored 
underneath.  Lack  of  case  room  prevents  the  exhibition  of  sev- 
eral thousand  interesting  specimens.  Lectures  on  archeology  are 
given  by  Dr.  Peabody  and  Mr.  Moorehead  twice  weekly  and  a 
large  number  of  students  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity  to 
learn  something  concerning  primitive  conditions  and  life  in  Amer- 
cia  before  Columbus. 

The  department  is  unique  in  that  it  is  the  only  one  found 
in  a  secondary  school  in  the  world.'  The  purpose  of  the  depart- 
ment is  to  study  implements,  ornaments,  utensils,  etc.,  rather 
than  to  carry  on  extensive  explorations.  It  is  not  the  purpose 
of  the  founders  to  have  a  great  museum.  On  the  contrary, 
they  wish  to  have  the  artifacts  of  primitive  man  studied  and  de- 
scribed. The  great  museums  of  our  cities  are  accumulating  vast 
collections — acquiring  then  even  faster  than  they  can  be  studied. 
The  purpose  of  the  departm.ent  at  Andover  is  to  have  less,  but  to 
know  it  well. 

Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith  is  now  conducting  archeological  ex- 
plorations in  the  Columbia  valley  in  Washington,  Idaho  and  Ore- 
gon, in  continuation  of  his  general  archeological  reconnoissance 
of  the  Northwest.  His  work  in  1899  for  seven  months  was 
mainly  in  the  Thompson  River  Reg:ion,  British  Columbia,  and 
the  results  of  his  researches  are  published  in  his  "Archeology  of 
Lytton,  B.  C,"  and  ''Archeology  of  the  Thompson  River  Region, 


112     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2,  No.  4. 

B.  C,"  being  parts  III  and  IV  of  volume  II,  Memoirs  of  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City. 

In  1898  Mr.  Smith  worked  in  the  general  region  for  six 
months,  chiefly  on  the  Lower  Fraser  and  Vancouver  Island,  to 
the  west  of  the  scene  of  his  1897  explorations.  The  results  of 
this  investigation  also  appear  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Museum, 
parts  II  and  IV  of  volume  IV. 

In  1899  his  work  took  him  for  five  months,  most  of  the  time 
along  Puget  Sound  and  the  west  coast  of  Washington,  south  of 
the  scene  of  his  labors  in  1898.  The  report  of  these  researches 
is  in  course  of  preparation,  the  illustrations  and  engravings  hav- 
ing already  been  completed.  A  history  of  these  is  given  in 
"Archeological  Investigations  on  the  North  Pacific  Coast  of 
America,"  (Science,  N.  S.,  Vol.  IX,  No.  224,  pages  535-539, 
April  14,  1899)  and  in  "Archeological  Investigations  on  the  North 
Pacific  Coast  in  1899,"  (Am.  Anthropologist,  N.  S.,  Vol.  2,  July- 
September,  1900). 

Mr.  Smith's  present  work  lies  in  a  region  due  south  of  his 
field  of  operations  in  1897  and  due  east  of  that  of  1899,  and  is 
to  determine  the  condition  of  prehistoric  life  in  the  region,  for 
comparison  not  only  with  the  regions  north,  northwest  and  west 
already  explored  by  him,  but  with  those  east  and  south  which 
must  sooner  or  later  be  explored  and  most  fittingly  by  an  ex- 
tension of  his  own  work. 

The  Robert  Clarke  Company  of  Cincinnati,  O.,  has  just  is- 
sued a  circular  announcing  that  they  have  in  course  of  preparation 
a  work  of  two  volumes  covering  the  arts  of  the  American  aborig- 
ines in  the  pre-Columbian  times.  This  work  will  bear  the  title, 
"The  Stone  Age,"  and  its  author  will  be  the  distinguished  arche- 
ologist.  Dr.  Warren  K.  Moorehead,  curator  of  the  Department  of 
American  Archeology  at  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass. 

For  many  years  Dr.  Moorehead  has  been  assembling  data 
relating  to  the  stone,  clay,  bone,  horn,  shell  and  copper  imple- 
ments and  ornaments  collected  from  the  mounds,  ruins  and  upon 
the  village  sites  of  the  United  States  and  it  is  his  intention  to 
make  this  work  an  archeological  encyclopedia  or  review  of  all 
the  known  types  of  prehistoric  artifacts. 

It  will  be  handsomely  illustrated  with  a  thousand  figures, 
representing  some  five  thousand  variations  of  types,  and  will  pre- 
sent a  systematic  bibliography  covering  all  books,  pamphlets, 
articles,  etc.,  relating  to  the  various  artifacts  described. 

In  its  preparation  the  author  has  been  promised  the  assist- 


Notes  from  the  Wisconsin  Field.  113 

ance  of  many  of  the  leading  archeologists  of  the  United  States, 
who  will  describe  therein  such  of  the  arts  and  implements,  etc., 
as  they  have  made  the  subject  of  particular  research  and  study. 

The  author  is  also  in  correspondence  with  students  and  ad- 
vanced collectors  in  all  parts  of  the  country  and  has  been  per- 
mitted the  use  of  the  material  contained  in  several  hundred  public 
and  private  exhibits,  and  it  is  hardly  possible  that  any  form  or 
type  of  artifact  will  escape  his  notice. 

The  task  involved  in  the  completion  of  these  volumes  will 
require  more  than  two  years  of  labor.  It  will  likewise  require 
the  expenditure  of  a  large  sum  of  money.  There  has  long  been 
a  crying  need  for  just  this  kind  of  a  work,  and  coming  from 
the  pen  of  so  experienced  and  well  known  an  archeological 
writer  as  Dr.  Moorehead,  there  is  but  little  doubt  but  that  it 
will  prove  invaluable  to  and  deserve  the  support  of  students 
and  archeologists  everywhere.  We  trust,  therefore,  that 
Wisconsin  students  will  not  be  behind  in  sending  in  their  sub- 
scriptions to  the  author  or  publishers.  In  order  that  none  may 
feel  compelled  to  deny  themselves  this  valuable  work  the  price 
of  the  collectors'  edition  has  been  placed  at  the  very  reasonable 
figure  of  $4.50. 


Notes  from  the  "Wisconsin  Field. 

Dr.  Alphonse  Gerend  has  taken  up  his  residence  at  West 
Superior,  Wis.,  and  will  assume  charge  of  the  Society's  investi- 
gations in  Douglas  county. 

His  manuscript  notes  on  the  archeology  of  Sheboygan  coun- 
ty are  now  being  prepared  for  publication.  Dr.  Gerend  has  ever 
been  one  of  the  Wisconsin  Society's  most  devoted  and  capable 
workers  and  we  look  forward  with  expectation  and  pleasure  to 
the  forthcoming  of  the  result  of  his  several  years'  labors  among 
the  antiquities  of  his  home  county. 

Mr.  A.  H.  Porter,  already  well  known  to  us  as  a  contributor 
to  Wisconsin  archeology,  will,  during  the  present  summer  and 
fall,  undertake  a  reconnoissance  of  the  archeological  field  in 
Washburn  county.  This  gentleman  has  recently  furnished  the  So- 
ciety with  a  photograph  and  description  of  a  burial  mound  lo- 
cated near  his  residence  on  the  shore  of  Spooner  Lake,  and  a 
description  of  the  remains  of  an  Indian  cornfield  near  the  same 
place. 


114     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2.  No.  4. 


Prof.  Lindsay  Webb  of  Milwaukee,  will  shortly  begin  the 
collecting  of  archeological  data  in  the  vicinity  of  Tomah,  in  Mon- 
roe county,  where  almost  nothing  has  been  done. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Brown  and  Dr.  F.  H.  Ehlman  of  Alma  have  been 
doing  the  same  for  the  Society  in  Buffalo  county. 

Mr.  Carl  Martz  and  Mr.  F.  A.  Gardner  will  conduct  re- 
searches in  Green  and  La  Fayette  counties  and  Prof.  A.  R.  Clif- 
ton in  Grant  county. 

Having  completed  the  survey  of  his  own  county  of  Winne- 
bago, Hon.  P.  V.  Lawson  will  shortly  proceed  to  Outagamie  and 
Calumet  counties  where  but  very  little  in  the  line  of  intelligent 
research  has  as  yet  been  undertaken.  President  Henry  A.  Crosby 
and  others  will  be  associated  with  Mr.  Lawson  in  this  undertak- 
ing. There  is  a  possibility  that  the  distinguished  archeologist, 
Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore  of  Philadelphia,  will  visit  Wisconsin  and 
join  these  gentlemen  in  the  field. 

Messrs.  E.  H.  Stiles  and  Paul  A.  Seifert  of  Richland  City 
have  very  kindly  volunteered  to  the  task  of  platting  the  antiquities 
of  the  Pine  and  Wisconsin  river  regions  in  Richland  county. 
These  gentlemen  expect  to  devo'*^.  a  considerable  portion  of  their 
time  in  the  field  to  visiting  an.  relocating  the  mound  groups 
about  Orion,  Richland  City,  Muscoda,  Port  Andrews,  Sexton- 
ville  and  other  locations,  described  by  R.  C.  Taylor,  Rev.  S.  D. 
Peet  and  other  earlier  contributors  to  Wisconsin  archeological 
literature. 

At  the  opening  session  of  the  Second  Congressional  District 
Convention  of  Women's  Clubs  held  at  Lake  Mills  on  May  26, 
Mrs.  Charles  Buell  of  Madison  introduced  the  subject  of  the 
preservation  of  Wisconsin  mounds.  'The  Indian  mounds,"  said 
Mrs.  Buell,  "require  immediate  attention.  No  place  on  earth  are 
there  so  many  effigies  as  in  Wisconsin.  Every  child  who  has 
begun  the  study  of  American  history  has  read  of  the  famous  ser- 
pent mound  in  Adams  county,  O.,  and  the  wonderful  "elephant" 
effigy  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  river.  The  former  has  been 
preserved  and  the  grounds  laid  out  in  a  public  park.  The  latter 
is  well  cultivated  by  plow  and  scraper,  even  though  its  height 
is  inconvenient  for  utilitarian  purposes. 

"The  lakes  of  Wisconsin  abound  in  the  effigy  mounds,  which 
are  made  of  earth  and  have  proved  as  enduring  as  stone.  At  the 
present  rate  of  destruction  it  will  not  be  long  before  they  will  all 
be  beyond  recovery.    In  view  of  the  rich  heritage,  historically  and 


Notes  from  the  Wisconsin  Field.  115 

naturally,  which  is  ours,  as  men  and  women  of  Wisconsin,  can 
we  allow  these  behests  to  go  toi  destruction?" 

Mrs.  George  Pritt  reported  that. an  effort  in  this  direction 
was  already  being  made  at  Fort  Atkinson,  where  the  local  chap- 
ter of  the  D.  A.  R.  is  making  an  effort  to  purchase  the  tract  of 
land  where  a  lizard  efiBgy  is  located  and  turn  it  into  a  public  park. 

The  chairman  of  the  convention  was  empowered  to  appoint 
a  committee  consisting  of  one  delegate  from  each  of  the  twenty- 
four  clubs  represented,  whose  duties  shall  be  to  arouse  interest 
in  the  subject  throughout  the  state  among  the  women's  clubs. 

In  Milwaukee  county  the  task  of  summarizing  local  antiqui- 
ties, begun  several  seasons  a'^o,  is  being  pushed  to  completion. 
During  the  spring  several  surveys  of  hitherto  undescribed  mound 
groups  have  been  made  and  notes  and  photographs  taken  of 
other  antiquities.  Those  assisting  in  the  Society's  work  at  this 
point  are  the  Messrs.  O.  L.  Hollister,  C.  E.  Brown,  H.  A.  Crosby, 
W.  F.  Sandrock  and  others. 

The  work  of  conducting  further  researches  in  Waukesha 
county,  where,  owing  to  the  large  number  of  evidences  to  be 
listed  and  surveys  to  be  made,  the  task  Jias  been  an  unusually 
difficult  one,  will  be  in  charge  of  our  experienced  co-worker,  Hon. 
Rolland  L.  Porter,  as  heretofore.  In  addition  to  those  already 
assisting  Mr.  Porter  in  this  county,  Mr.  C.  A.  Koubeck  has 
pledged  the  assistance  of  himself  and  Mr.  P.  J.  Vieau,  a  pioneer 
settler,  in  collecting  additional  data  in  the  town  of  Muskego. 
Messrs.  L.  R.  Whitney  and  M.  H.  Drown  have  undertaken  a 
reconnoissance  of  the  towns  of  Delafield  and  Summit,  and  Dr. 
Joseph  Quinn,  of  the  town  of  Pewaukee.  Mr.  I.  N.  Stewart  has 
contributed  notes  in  regard  to  the  latter  town.  The  aid  of  Dr. 
J.  A.  Rice  has  been  solicited  for  the  towns  of  Merton,  Lisbon 
and  Menomonee,  Dr.  McD.  Miller  for  the  town  of  Ocondmowoc 
and  Mr.  C.  E.  Wood  for  the  towns  of  Eagle  and  Genessee.  It 
is  expected  that  each  of  the  several  persons  whose  aid  has  been 
solicited  will  do  their  utmost  to  further  the  progress  of  this  splen- 
did work.  Through  the  medium  of  the  Waukesha  countv  papers 
the  aid  of  local  pioneers  and  interested  persons  has  been 'invoked 
with  good  results.  Several  field  expeditions  will  also  be  dis- 
patched to  several  localities  in  the  district  for  the  purpose  of 
checking  up  earlier  surveys. 

We   are    informed    that    the    survey    of    Brown    countv   an- 
tiquities, begun  several  seasons  ago  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Nevill  of  Green 


116     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  2.  No.  4, 

Bay,  is  now  nearly  completed  and  will  soon  be  offered  to  the 
Society  for  publication.  Mr.  Nevill  is  to  be  congratulated  upon 
the  Successful  conclusion  of  his  undertaking. 

Mr.  W.  E.  Snyder  has  furnished  the  Society  with  notes  in 
regard  to  a  group  of  four  round  mounds  located  on  his  father's 
farm  near  Beaver  Dam  in  Dodge  county. 

We  are  indebted  to  Miss  Julia  A.  Lapham  for  a  kindly  and 
interesting  article  calling  attention  to  the  work  of  the  Society, 
which  appeared  in  the  June  13  issue  of  the  Wisconsin  Free 
Press  of  Oconomowoc.  We  desire  also  to  express  to  Prof.  T. 
H.  Lewis,  the  well  known  archeologist  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  the 
Society's  thanks  for  the  advice  and  kindly  assistance  which  he 
has  furnished  from  time  to  time. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Elkey  of  Milwaukee  has  been  very  successful 
in  inducing  a  large  number  of  collectors  and  interested  persons 
to  become  members  of  the  Society.  He  has  also  been  particularly 
active  in  preventing  the  sale  of  a  number  of  fraudulent  copper 
implements  which  have  been  the  cause  of  continued  aggravation 
to  local  collectors.  In  several  instances  he  has  succeeded  in  de- 
tecting the  manufacturers  of  these  articles  and  warned  them 
against  further  connection  with  such  criminal  traffic,  with  good 
results.  The  unselfish  efforts  of  this  gentleman  are  fully  appre- 
ciated by  the  Society. 

The  Secretary  is  in  receipt  of  a  very  carefully  prepared  re- 
port from  Mr.  J.  J.  Oilman,  who  has  been  revisiting  mound 
groups  and  village  sites  in  Grant  and  Richland  counties  for  the 
purpose  of  collecting  additional  data  for  the  Society.  He  will 
continue  his  researches  in  those  counties  during  the  summer  and 
fall. 

Dr.  Louis  Falge  of  Reedsville  has  been  assisting  the  Society 
by  collecting  arcbeological  data  in  the  counties  of  Calumet  and 
Manitowoc.  In  this  he  has  been  quite  successful.  His  prelim- 
inary report  is  now  in  the  secretary's  hands. 


w 


Our  Aim— To  Study— -Preserve— Record— Wisconsin  Antiquities. 


Vol.  2. 


JULY,  1903. 


No. 


THE 

WISCONSIN 

ARCHEOLOGIST 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE 

WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGICAL 

SOCIETY. 


CONTENTS. 

Proceedings 

The  TriaDgular  Stone  Adze  .        .        Henry  A.  Crosby 

Commercial  vs.  Scientific  Collecting,      Warren  K.  Moorehead 

The  Occurrence  of  Obsidian  Implements  in 

Wisconsin Publius  V,  Lawson 

George  P.  Delaplaine  .        .        .        ,        Julia  A,  Lapham 

The  Collection  and  Preservation  of  Local 

Archeological  Data       .        .        .      Charles.  E.  Brown 

Archeological  Research  and  Literature         .... 

Notes  from  the  Wisconsin  Field 


^  :^. 


c